Release notes for FLUKA packages.
--------------------------------------------------------
UPDATED===17.11.2018.17.13.36
TITLE===FLUKA files short doc
TYPE===subpage
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<h2>Release notes for  <b style="color: #782020;">Fluka2011.2x -</b>  </h2>

<p>This is an out-of-sequence release with some important changes physics-wise.
Indeed the major revision number of this release is still 2011, the minor 
revision number is 2, however the "x" signifies that major changes are
now included with respect to the previous 2011.2... releases.</p>

<p>The rationale for this "interim" release is explained in the following.
For various reasons, a full brand new release, which will include a pletora of 
improvements and new features, is still several months in the future.
However, it was felt that at least some important features which
are ready for distribution could be backported to 2011.2 and made
available now to our user community while waiting for the new full release.</p>

<p>
As usual, with this interim release all FLUKA versions older or equal to 
2011.2c are obsoleted and they shall no longer be used according to 
the conditions spelled out in the FLUKA license (circumvention of the
expiration date is not permitted).
No debugging/maintenance/assistance will be provided for older versions.</p>

<p>This release contains a few small fixes, and some important physics changes,
in particular concerning very high energies, where the Dpmjet-3 code is used.</p>

<p>Please note the standard FLUKA references to be quoted and the revised
license (which you can find in the LICENSE.2011.2x file, or printed by the 
code when it runs):</p>


<h3>PHYSICS IMPROVEMENTS: </h3>
 <ul>
 <li> The vastly revised and improved (new) Dpmjet-3 is now included, 
  substituting the previous version and removing the need to distribute
  Dpmjet-2.5 since the new Dpmjet-3 is able to treat all particles
  at cosmic ray energies.
  The upgraded Dpmjet-3 results mostly from the PhD work of Anatoli
  Fedynitch, and it has been benchmarked against LHC data, showing
  significantly better reproduction of experimental data at
  centre-of-mass energy in excess of 2 TeV</li>

<li>  The default option governing the iterative convergence of the kinematics
  of nucleon-nucleon scattering in nuclei has been changed providing
  (marginally) better results in some cases</li>

 <li> The calculations of the DPA contribution by hadrons below energy cut-off
  has been improved. Still the treatment is approximate, so 
  one must run with the lowest possible threshold for charged hadrons
  when looking for DPA's</li>
 </ul>

<h3>BUG FIXES AND TECHNICAL UPDATES:</h3>
<ul>
<li> A problem affecting the sampling of the angular distribution of pp 
  scattering at energies around 400-700 MeV has been fixed, the impact
  is minimal
</li>
 <li> Some dimensions have been increased where user experience showed that
  limitations could occur
</li>
 <li> Several sanity checks have been backported from the development tree
  in the hope to catch common input mistakes
</li>
 <li> The #define directive has been improved, now it allows to define
  a value for a symbolic name, eg<br />
  #define BeamEne 200.0    <br />   
  and use it in a data card, eg  <br />
BEAM        $BeamEne   <br />
</li>
 <li> The SDUM=IONSPLIT workaround in the PHYSICS card has been modified
  in fluka2011.2x, in order to prevent unphysical features in proton/neutron
  spectra when run with WHAT(6)=0/1. WHAT(6)=0 is now deprecated, and must
  be avoided if rQMD/DPMJET-3 are not linked. Indeed a protection 
  has been implemented starting from Fluka2011.2x.4. A new, more 
  physically sound, option, WHAT(6)=3, is available in Fluka2011.2x.
  The best choice, and the recommended setup, is to link rQMD and
  Dpmjet-3, and set (full explaination of the parameters is in the manual):
  <br />
PHYSICS          1.0     0.005      0.15       2.0       3.0       3.0IONSPLIT
<br />
Still keep in mind that this is still a rough workaround waiting for a 
  native model for deuteron interactions below 150 MeV/n
</li>
 <li>
 Separators in FREE format: the "/" separator in free format input has
  been removed and substituted by the "%" one in order to avoid
  confusion with the mathematical operator. The other separators,
  ";", ",", "\", ":" are unchanged
 </li>
 <li>
 
Execution script rfluka: the rfluka script used to launch Fluka has
  been slightly modified since now the code opens the input file through
  a name exported by the script rather than through a pipe. Old rfluka
  scripts will no longer work with Fluka2011.2x.4

</li>
</ul>


<h3>-- IMPORTANT WARNINGS FOR THE USERS --</h3>
<p>We would like to stress once more that whenever activation is a concern or, 
"precise" particle production calculations are required, the PEANUT extended 
model, as well as heavy particle evaporation/fragmentation and coalescence 
should be switched on (see below for details) </p>
<ul>
 <li> Already starting from Fluka2006.3, a new high energy event generator had
  been developed, based on the sophisticated nuclear physics of PEANUT
  coupled with the proved FLUKA Dual Parton Model description for
  hadron-hadron collisions and a brand new Glauber cascade treatment. Starting
  from this release, this model is substituting as default the old one 
  (PEANUT was already the default below 5 GeV). This is equivalent to:<br />
PHYSICS        1.D+5     1.D+5     1.D+5     1.D+5     1.D+5     1.D+5PEATHRES<br />
  All thin target benchmarks of the code by the development team are run 
  with the new model, the development of the old one being frozen. Only 
  this model should be considered representative of the ultimate FLUKA 
  performances. The PHYSICS cards which allows to switch back to the old
  model (highly discouraged) is:<br />
  PHYSICS       5.       5.7        5.        5.       -1.        5.    PEATHRES
<br />
Also the new model potentially provides a fully featured simulation of
  high energy quasi-elastic events, but this requires cleaning up some FLUKA
  inconsistencies and therefore is not yet activated.
</li>
 <li> Whenever residual nuclei (and residual dose rates) scoring is of
  importance, or accurate neutron yields are required, the heavy residual
  emission ("fragmentation") and the coalescence emission of fast complex
  particles should be switched on, through the following data cards:  <br />
PHYSICS    3.0                                                        EVAPORAT<br />
PHYSICS    1.0                                                        COALESCE<br />
 and (as a consequence of coalescence) it would be wise to link with
  rQMD-2.4 (and DPMJET) and activate ion transport and interactions. These
  suggestions are mandatory for residual nuclei calculations.<br />
Those options are not on by default because the heavy evaporation carries a
  big CPU penalty which would be a waste for most problems when residuals are
  not a issue.<br />
</li>
 <li> There is a known issue with photofission: the photonuclear interaction
  model is not up-to-date with respect to the present fission model.
  As a result, photofission can be heavily underestimated at low photon
  energies for fissile materials. A fix is already implemented in the
  development tree and it will be included in the next full release.
 <li>The ARB, BOX, WED body types, which are deprecated since many years due to
  their precision problem prone coding, are now accepted only if the user
  explicitly sets SDUM=DEPRBODY in the GLOBAL card. They will disappear entirely
  with the next full release. The same geometrical shapes can be obtained in 
  a safer way using a combination of the other body types and of 
  transformations.
</li>
<li>!!!! MAJOR WARNING, please read !!!!
  The use of so-called "expressions" inside the Flair preprocessor, those
  writing pseudo-comments in the input file like <br />
 !@what.1=-1.5e-2<br />
 has been found to be prone to potentially dangerous situations, where
  FLUKA runs with parameters different from those intended by the user with
  no detectable warning. This is particularly true if a Flair generated
  input is modified by editing it outside Flair or viceversa, or in all 
  cases where inputs using the #include directive together with those kind 
  of expressions or similar operators are modified in Flair. 
  The developer team has identified already a few scenarios where because of
  these shortcomings of the Flair implementation, FLUKA could run with a 
  setup different from the one shown in the Flair screen.
  Therefore it is STRONGLY recommended to refrain from using such Flair
  features until a safer implementation will be available (the developer
  team is working on it). If you cannot avoid using those features, please
  ALWAYS CHECK what ended up into the input file (and the corresponding 
  interpretation in the output file), since what will be actually 
  run is what is written in the WHATs fields of the
  input file (!... comments ignored) and not what the Flair screen can 
  show in case they are different. Warnings have been added in the .err
  and .out files for this purpose.
  In order to still use those kind of expressions, the user has to
  explicitly set SDUM=OLDFLAIR in the GLOBAL card.
  If  a user
  needs to use those expressions AND some deprecated body types
  (see the previous warning) at the same time, the special SDUM=OLDFLBDY 
  is available for this purpose
</li>
</ul>
<h3>-- PLATFORMS UNDER WHICH FLUKA SHALL BE RUN --</h3>

<p>
This version of the code should be run on the platforms for which it
has been released, that is Linux x86 under g77 (which runs on both
32 and 64 bit machines) and Linux x86_64 under gfortran. The latter
requires a recent version of the gfortran compiler, given the  
incompatibility between different versions of gfortran.
For the first time, a Mac OS version compiled with gfortran is also
available, on a tentative basis.
The available gfortran versions are compiled with gfortran 8.2 (Linux) and
gfortran 7.3 (Mac). Files compiled with gfortran 7.3 (Linux) 
< will be also made available.
The code has been checked and validated for these platforms/compilers 
only.
 </p>

<p>
The availability of the source code shall not be exploited for tentative
builds on other architectures or with different compilers/compiler options
than the ones recommended by the development team. Our experience shows that
for a code of the complexity of FLUKA the chances of hitting one or more
compiler issues are pretty high. Therefore users shall not make use
for every serious task, including whichever form of publication or
presentation, of code versions built on platforms and/or with compiler 
options which have not been cleared as safe by the development team.
 </p>
<h3>-- INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE GFORTRAN VERSION -- </h3>
<p>The gfortran (64 bits) version is for x86_64 machines and cannot be run 
on 32 bit architectures. The FLUKA scripts recognize which version the 
user is running according to the following:</p>
<ul>
<li>
a) The FLUFOR environmental variable, which can take the values "g77"
   or "gfortran"
</li>
<li>
b) If FLUFOR is not set, if the directory name contain the "gfor" string
   gfortran is assumed, g77 otherwise
</li>
<li>
c) If gfortran is selected by means of a) or b), the additional variable
   GFORFLU can be set to specify the specific version of gfortran to be
   used if more than one is available. Please note that gfortran >= 6.3
   is required. For example, if on your machine "gfortran" points to a 
   version < 6.3, and "gfortran63" points to version 6.3, you can set
   GFORFLU to "gfortran63" and happily use the FLUKA gfortran (64 bits)
   version

</li>
</ul>

<h3>-- FLUKA  LICENSING CONDITIONS --</h3>

<p>Use of FLUKA must be compliant with the FLUKA user license, which is
not a GPL-like license. Therefore, users shall read carefully the
licensing conditions as available in the distribution tar flile,
on the FLUKA website and in  the output files.
In case of doubts or need for special authorizations, users shall contact
contact either: </p>
<ul>
<li> the Fluka Coordination Committee (FCC)
   for licensing and commercial questions (fcc@fluka.org)
</li>
<li>
the Fluka Scientific Committee (FSC) (fsc@fluka.org) for questions 
   related to publications or releases
</li>
</ul>
<p>This interim release of FLUKA is carried out under the INFN-CERN
Collaboration Agreement for the Maintenance and Development of the FLUKA
code.</p>

<h3>REFERENCES TO BE QUOTED </h3>
<p>The use of the FLUKA code must be acknowledged explicitly by quoting
at least the following set of references</p>
<ul style="color: #aa3322">
  <li>

     A. Ferrari, P.R. Sala, A. Fasso`, and J. Ranft,<br>
     "FLUKA: a multi-particle transport code",     <br>     
      CERN 2005-10 (2005), INFN/TC_05/11, SLAC-R-773

</li>
   <li> G. Battistoni et al.,<br>
      ``Overview of the FLUKA code'',
      Annals of Nuclear Energy  82, 10-18 (2015)
      (this substitutes the one suggested up to now)

 
</li>
    </ul>
<p>The use of the neutrino event generator (NUNDIS) must be acknowledged by quoting</p>
<ul style="color: #aa3322">
  <li>
G. Battistoni, A. Ferrari, M. Lantz, P. R. Sala and G. I. Smirnov,<br>
      "A neutrino-nucleon interaction generator for the FLUKA Monte Carlo code",<br>

      Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Nuclear Reaction
      Mechanisms, <br>
    Varenna, Italy, 15-19 June 2009, <br>
      CERN-Proceedings-2010-001 pp.387-394.<br>

</li>
    </ul>

	<p>Additional FLUKA references can be added, provided they are relevant for this FLUKA version.</p>

	<p>If FLUKA is used together with rQMD-2.4, DPMJET-2.53, or DPMJET-3 the following references should be quoted:</p>

	<p style="font-size: 110%;">rQMD-2.4:</p>

		<p>- H. Sorge, H. Stoecker, and W. Greiner, Annals of Physics 192, 266 (1989)</p>

	<p style="font-size: 110%;">DPMJET-2.53:</p>

		<p>- J. Ranft. Physical Review D51, 64 (1995)</p>

	<p style="font-size: 110%;">DPMJET-3:</p>


		<p>- S.Roesler, R.Engel, J.Ranft: "The Monte Carlo Event Generator DPMJET-III"<br />
		in Proceedings of the Monte Carlo 2000 Conference, Lisbon, October 23-26<br />
		2000, A. Kling, F. Barao, M. Nakagawa, L. Tavora, P. Vaz eds.,<br />
		Springer-Verlag Berlin, 1033-1038 (2001).</p>

<p>In the following part of the release notes of previous releases are 
reported if they are still relevant:
</p>




<h3>Fluka2011.2c   </h3>


<h3>PHYSICS IMPROVEMENTS:</h3>
<ul>

<li> When treating anti-nucleon annihilation, negative pions and negative 
   muon absorptions on mixtures, the evaluation of the relative 
   probability of annihilation/capture on different target
   components has been switched from a naïve “Z law” to more sound
   approaches
<li> Stopping power in graphite vs amorphous carbon: the distinction has
  been implemented following the NIST recipe, however given the very
  close densities (1.7 vs 2.0), the user must be aware that for
  carbon the code will choose the one closer to the inut density
  (eg for rho > 1.85 will use amorphous carbon, below graphite)
<li> Stopping power in  gaseous Helium:
  The Ziegler fitting coefficients for gaseous helium have
  been implemented (in addition to those for liquid He) and are
  automatically applied when the defined helium is gaseous (as the
  default FLUKA HELIUM is).
<li> Improved fit to the reaction cross section for protons on very heavy
  targets. The previous
  parametrizations was increasingly too high for Z >= 90

    </ul>

<h3>BUG FIXES AND TECHNICAL UPDATES:</h3>
<ul>

<li> Fixed possible crash in the evaporation stage for extremely excited
  superheavy fragment 

<li> Fixed possible crash (insufficient stack dimensions) when using PEANUT
  at energies above several TeV 

<li> Fixed inconsistency in reading repetitive LOW-MAT cards for
  the same material  not immediately following each other 

<li> Fixed rare bug in virtual photon interactions 
  

<li> Fixed bug in the treatment of biasing of bremsstrahlung by positrons.
  (apparently never met by anybody)

<li> Maximum number of USRTRACK estimators increased to 500 


<p>Extract from the release notes of Fluka2011.2 and other previous
versions are reported below. 

<p>All users should be aware of the IMPORTANT WARNINGS FOR THE USERS contained in the relase notes for Fluka2011.2


<h3></h3>Release notes for Fluka2011.2b <h3></h3>

<p>This release contains a few small fixes, one of critical importance for DPA
calculations, and a significant functionality improvement with respect to 
Fluka2011.2.17 (the latest respin of Fluka2011.2).

<p>New functionality:

<ul>
    <li>
     New extended format for voxel geometries/phantoms. Now the voxel files
  can contain an arbitrary number of extra records of 80 characters
  each, which are read and interpreted as ordinary input cards. This
  allows to embed in the voxel files informations as material
  definitions, material assignments, correction factor etc, which are
  often generated by automatic programs out of a CT scan. Flair
  contains tools for reading CT scans in Dicom format, and
  automatically generates a voxel file containing the material and
  correction factor informations according to a Hounsfield number to
  material/density translation algorithm which can be tuned by the
  user.
 </ul>


<h3>Release notes for Fluka2011.2 </h3>

<p>This release is a major step in the FLUKA development cycle with
respect to Fluka2008.3(d): it adds new features and there are 
important physics improvements.


<p>All FLUKA versions older than Fluka2008.3d and starting since 1989, 
are declared obsolete and will no longer be supported. 
Therefore they shall no longer be used for any publication according to 
the FLUKA User License.

<p>
New features:
</p>
<ul class="list">
<li>This release, as well as future ones, is under a revised
  License. There is no practical change for users, however please
  take the time to read it. An explaination of what some   
  points of the License mean (those that in the past resulted in   
  possible misunderstandings) is available on the web site.
 </li>
<li>Stopping power models have been thoroughly reworked, and are now
  more precise particularly for heavy ions. In particular, the Barkas
  (Z^3), Bloch (Z^4), and Mott corrections have been implemented.
 </li>
<li>Nuclear stopping power is now calculated and taken into account. 
  It matters only for heavy ions at low energies, however it is an 
  essential prerequisite for NIEL and DPA calculations (see next
  point)
 </li> <li>
Radiation damage (Non Ionizing Energy Loss, NIEL, and Displacements
  Per Atom, DPA) can now be computed and scored. The electromagnetic
  part is still under refinement, in particular the contributon of
  bremsstrahlung and pair production has to be implemented, as well as
  the effect of using the Mott cross section rather than the Rutheford one.
  The DPA-SCO, NIEL-DEP, and RES-NIEL generalized particles have been 
  added for this purpose

 </li> <li>The LPM (Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal) effect has been extended to pair 
  production (it was already active for bremsstrahlung)

 </li> <li>The lower limit for photon transport has been lowered to 100 eV. 
  Macroscopic surface effects (refraction/reflection) are not treated.

 </li> <li>Several improvements in the hadron-nucleus event generators
  have been implemented

 </li> <li>Nuclear deexcitation by photon emission makes use of an extended
  database of known levels and transitions. The evaporation stage is
  also consistent with this database.

 </li> <li>The Boltzmann Master Equation, BME, model for heavy ion interactions
  at low-medium energies is now included in the distributed version. 
  It can handle all projectiles  with A>=4 on all targets, with the 
  exception of systems lighter than (alpha, 6Li). BME is invoked for 
  projectile energies lower than 125 MeV/A, however its limit of validity 
  is 150 MeV/A.

 </li> <li>The BME is still in a developing phase, it has been extended and
  improved very recently, therefore the authors would like to warn
  users about possible bugs, and would be very grateful to receive
  feedback about possible problems.

 </li> <li>A new card, IONTRANS has been added to control the transport/interaction 
  of heavy ions. As a consequence, the EVENTYPE card is now obsolete.

 </li> <li>Several new options are now available in order to define spatially 
  distributed sources. Check the manual for the description of the
  FLOOD, CART-VOL, SPHE-VOL, and CYLI-VOL option in the BEAMPOS card

 </li> <li>Pre-built source routines for special cases are now supported under
  the SPECSOUR card. The first one allows an easy setup of colliding 
  beam interactions.

 </li> <li>A pre-built source routine, also available under SPECSOUR, and related 
  auxiliary files and examples, can simulate atmospheric showers from 
  cosmic rays and Solar Particle Events (see the manual for details).

 </li> <li>A new body, a generic quadric QUA, has been introduced in the geometry

 </li> <li>Geometry transformations: directives allowing roto-translations and 
  expansions for sets of bodies are now available in geometry. 
  They can be applied also to the voxel part, when existing.

 </li> <li>The "sophisticated" Compton scattering, including electron binding
  and Doppler effects is now activated by default for "defaults"
  CALORIME, PRECISIO, EM-CASCA, or HADROTHE

 </li> <li>A few compounds of dosimetric interest are now available as pre-defined 
  materials, see the manual for details

 </li> <li>Additional material have been included in the low energy neutron library,
  some materials have been reworked from newer evaluations, and several
  materials are now available at 430 K

 </li> <li>The old 72 groups neutron library has been declared obsolete and is
  no longer distributed

 </li> <li>It is now possible to use a different material assigment for the
  transport of prompt and radioactive decay radiations. Only switching
  to vacuum or blackhole is supported, through the ASSIGNMAT
  card. WARNING for user routines: the array MEDIUM has changed :
  MEDIUM (MREG ) --> MEDFLK (I, MREG)  I=1 or I=2 for prompt and
  decay radiation respectively.

 </li> <li>Time scoring has been added for USRYIELD

 </li> <li>A generalized estimator, NET-CHRG, of net charge (algebraic sum of
  positive and negative charge) is now available

 </li> <li>A new dose equivalent estimator, DOSEQLET, based on convolution with
  the Q(LET) relation as defined in ICRP60 is now available

 </li> <li>The #include <filename> directive is now supported in the input file.

 </li> <li>There is no longer a default material assignment. Previously BLCKHOLE
  was assigned to all regions, except for region 2 which was assigned 
  COPPER. Now the program stops whenever a region has no material
  assigned.
 </li>
  </ul>

<p>
Most of the physics improvements are brand new and still unpublished.
This version should not be used to publish results about
individual model validation/benchmarking (see the license), 
in particular but not only when the new features are concerned.
In case of doubt please contact the FLUKA Collaboration Committee, 
through  <a href="mailto:fcc@fluka.org">fcc@fluka.org</a>
</p>

<h3> IMPORTANT WARNINGS FOR THE USERS </h3>
<p>
We would like to stress once more that whenever activation is a concern or, 
"precise" particle production calculations in the energy range above 5 GeV
are required, the PEANUT extended model, as well as heavy particle 
evaporation/fragmentation and coalescence should be switched on (see below
for details)
<p>
<ul class="list">
<li>
Already starting from Fluka2006.3, a new high energy event generator has
  been developed, based on the sophisticated nuclear physics of PEANUT
  coupled with the proved FLUKA Dual Parton Model description for
  hadron-hadron collisions and a brand new Glauber cascade treatment. This
  model will eventually substitute as default the old one (PEANUT is already
  the default below 5 GeV). It is not yet the default, mostly because it
  is heavier on CPU, and results are hardly different above 10-15 GeV, 
  unless residual nuclei are of interest.
  Also the new model potentially provides a fully featured simulation of
  high energy quasi-elastic events, which requires cleaning up some FLUKA
  inconsistencies before being activated. All thin target benchmarks of the
  code by the development team are run with the new model, the development
  of the old one being frozen. Only this model should now be considered
  representative of the ultimate FLUKA performances.
  The PHYSICS cards allows to switch on the new model (with some caveats
  about the quasielastic issue) eg with:<br />
PHYSICS    1000.     1000.     1000.     1000.     1000.     1000.    PEATHRES<br />
</li>
<li>
Whenever residual nuclei (and residual dose rates) scoring is of
  importance, the heavy residue emission ("fragmentation") and the
  coalescence emission of fast complex particles should be switched on,
  through the following data cards:<br />

PHYSICS    3.0                                                        EVAPORAT<br />
PHYSICS    1.0                                                        COALESCE<br />

  and (as a consequence of coalescence) it would be wise to link with
  rQMD-2.4 (and DPMJET) and activate ion transport and interactions. These
  suggestions are mandatory for residual nuclei benchmarking and validation.<br />
Those options are not on by default because the heavy evaporation carries a
  big CPU penalty which would be a waste for most problems when residuals are
  not a issue.</li>

<li> There is a known issue with photofission: the photonuclear interaction
  model is not up-to-date with respect to the present fission model.
  As a result, photofission can be heavily underestimated at low photon
  energies for fissile materials. A fix is in progress and it will be
  included in a future patch release</li> </ul>

<h3> PLATFORMS UNDER WHICH FLUKA SHALL BE RUN </h3>
<p>
This version of the code should be run on the platforms for which it
has been released, that is Linux x86 under g77 (which runs on both
32 and 64 bit machines). 
The code has been checked and validated for these platforms/compilers 
only for the time being. A gfortran version is under testing and
will be available soon.
The availability of the source code shall not be exploited for tentative
builds on other architectures or with different compilers/compiler options
than the ones recommended by the development team. Our experience shows that
for a code of the complexity of FLUKA the chances of hitting one or more
compiler issues are very large. Therefore users shall not make use
for every serious task, including whichever form of publication or
presentation, of code versions built on platforms and/or with compiler 
options which have not been cleared as safe by the development team.
</p>

	<h3>MISCELLANEOUS </h3>

<p>The source code for DPMJET and for the version of rQMD-2.4 used together
with FLUKA is not yet available for this release. The development 
team is finalizing the proper distribution conditions for these codes,
which will be possibly included in the next release. The binary
libraries are anyway available as usual, hence we do not expect any serious
inconvenience for users who need heavy ion capabilities</p>




	<h3> REFERENCES TO BE QUOTED </h3>
<p>The use of the FLUKA code must be acknowledged explicitly by quoting
at least the following set of references</p>
<ul style="color: #aa3322">
  <li>

     A. Ferrari, P.R. Sala, A. Fasso`, and J. Ranft,<br>
     "FLUKA: a multi-particle transport code",     <br>     
      CERN 2005-10 (2005), INFN/TC_05/11, SLAC-R-773

	

</li>
   <li> G. Battistoni, S. Muraro, P.R. Sala, F. Cerutti, A. Ferrari,
      S. Roesler, A. Fasso`, J. Ranft,,<br>
      "The FLUKA code: Description and benchmarking",<br>
      Proceedings of the Hadronic Shower Simulation Workshop 2006,<br>
      Fermilab 6--8 September 2006, M. Albrow, R. Raja eds.,<br>
      AIP Conference Proceeding 896, 31-49, (2007)
</li>
    </ul>
<p>The use of the neutrino event generator (NUNDIS) must be acknowledged by quoting</p>
<ul style="color: #aa3322">
  <li>
G. Battistoni, A. Ferrari, M. Lantz, P. R. Sala and G. I. Smirnov,<br>
      "A neutrino-nucleon interaction generator for the FLUKA Monte Carlo code",<br>

      Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Nuclear Reaction
      Mechanisms, <br>
    Varenna, Italy, 15-19 June 2009, <br>
      CERN-Proceedings-2010-001 pp.387-394.<br>

</li>
    </ul>

	<p>Additional FLUKA references can be added, provided they are relevant for this FLUKA version.</p>

	<p>If FLUKA is used together with rQMD-2.4, DPMJET-2.53, or DPMJET-3 the following references should be quoted:</p>

	<p style="font-size: 110%;">rQMD-2.4:</p>

		<p>- H. Sorge, H. Stoecker, and W. Greiner, Annals of Physics 192, 266 (1989)</p>

	<p style="font-size: 110%;">DPMJET-2.53:</p>

		<p>- J. Ranft. Physical Review D51, 64 (1995)</p>

	<p style="font-size: 110%;">DPMJET-3:</p>


		<p>- S.Roesler, R.Engel, J.Ranft: "The Monte Carlo Event Generator DPMJET-III"<br />
		in Proceedings of the Monte Carlo 2000 Conference, Lisbon, October 23-26<br />
		2000, A. Kling, F. Barao, M. Nakagawa, L. Tavora, P. Vaz eds.,<br />
		Springer-Verlag Berlin, 1033-1038 (2001).</p>

<p>In the following part of the release notes of previous releases are 
reported if they are still relevant:
</p>

<h3>Fluka2008.3d </h3>

<p>Functionality additions:</p>
<ul class="list">
 <li>Setting WHAT(4)=1. in the START card allows to trigger a dump core 
  everytime the built-in abort routine, FLABRT, is called. This can be 
  useful for debugging unwanted situations, which when caught runtime 
  by FLUKA trigger an automatic abort of the run

 </li> <li>The search path for OPENing auxiliary files has been protected against
  user path including directories named "fluka_xxxx" which were 
  erroneously interpreted as the temporary directory created runtime
  by the code 
 </li> </ul>

<h3>Fluka2008.3c </h3>

<p>Functionality change with respect to the use of FLUGG and VMC (Virtual 
Monte Carlo):
</p>
<ul class="list">
<li>FLUGG: starting from this patch version, FLUGG is better supported
  by Flair. Most Flair functionalities can be used with FLUGG, having 
  care to point to the correct executable. In order to exploit fully
  this capability, please download also the latest FLUGG release, as well
  as the latest Flair release, both available from the FLUKA web site

 </li> <li>VMC: due to several examples of (inadvertent) use of the FLUKA-VMC
  interface by people/groups who never asked for the required derogation 
  to the license, the hooks for VMC have been removed. A special version
  with the hooks reactivated is available on the FLUKA website
  under a download procedure reserved for the authorized experiments.

  IMPORTANT WARNING: there are hints of possible bugs with the
  FLUKA-VMC interface. They have been reported to the VMC developers:
  no feedback up to now. Meanwhile, its use is discouraged even for the 
  authorized experiments. Furthermore, we remind that the VMC
  interface supports only a minimal fraction of FLUKA capabilities, 
  and therefore the FLUKA development team urges all users to stick
  with the native code
 </li> </ul>

<h3>Fluka2008.3b</h3>

<p>New functionality: <p>
<ul class="list">
<li>Compton scattering with full acount for binding and orbital electron motion:
  up to now FLUKA included two possibilities for the treatment of Compton
  scattering:
<ul class="none">
  <li> 1) "naive" scattering on free electrons</li>
  <li> 2) Compton scattering corrected by an inelastic form factor,
  S(q,Z)</li>
</ul>
  Now a third possibility has been added, where both binding effects
  and orbital motion of all electronic shells of all elements are
  accounted for. This is particularly relevant for low energy photons
  and/or heavy elements
  </li>
</ul>

<p>
How to activate: in order to activate the new fully detailed Compton
scattering treatment an EMFRAY card with WHAT(1)=4, (Rayleigh activated as
well) or WHAT(1)=6 (no Rayleigh) must be issued. Don't forget that EMFRAY
works on a region-by-region basis. For all problems where accuracy in the
physics treatment of sub-MeV photons is paramount, this option should
always be activated everywhere, for example by issuing:
</p>

<p>
EMFRAY       4.0       1.0     @LASTREG
</p>
<p>Please note that the impact on CPU of the new feature is minimal in 
almost all situations, therefore when in doubt activate it.</p>

<p>Extract from the release notes of Fluka2008.3 and other previous versions are
reported below.</p>



	<h3>Release notes for <b style="color: #782020;">Fluka2008.3</b>  </h3>



<p>Starting from this release, the code will be distributed in parallel to 
the FLUKA web site by the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA-OECD) Data Bank.
The NEA-OECD distribution (source included) will operate under the same 
license and conditions, and following the procedures specific of NEA-OECD.</p> 

<p>A completely revised version of the FLUKA web site will be available
starting September 26th. Users already registered should be flawlessly
migrated to the new system. Please, let us know through the fluka-discuss
list whichever problem you may meet.<p>


<h3> NEW PHYSICS AND TECHNICAL FEATURES </h3>

<p>Among the new features of this release (with respect to Fluka2006.3b):</p>
<ul class="list">
<li>New neutron cross section library below 20 MeV, including 260 neutron
  and 42 gamma groups: 31 neutron groups are thermal (1 in the previous
  library). All neutron cross section data are freshly computed from the
  most recent evaluated nuclear data files. Please note that the new 260
  group library is now the default one (even though the "old" 72 group
  one is still distributed). The transition energy between the group and
  the model treatment for neutrons is now 20 MeV and no longer 19.6 MeV.
  The default material temperature is now 296 K and no longer 293 K.
  Please adapt your inputs accordingly </li>

 <li>New radioactive decay database, now including also conversion
  electron and Auger lines </li>

 <li>Heavy ion pair production (optional, look at the PHYSICS card for
  how to switch it on) </li>

 <li>New implementation of the BME model with vastly improved performances
  for peripheral collisions. BME is available on request, please
  contact Alfredo.Ferrari@cern.ch or Francesco.Cerutti@cern.ch </li>

 <li>An improved version of the PEANUT event generator which should significantly
  improve residual nuclei predictions in the intermediate energy range, and 
  more in general should further improve predicted particle spectra </li>

<li>The ability to convert particle fluences into various dose equivalent
  quantities, previously possible by means of the special "user" routine
  deq99c.f, has now been integrated into the code, using the generalized
  particle type DOSE-EQ (240) (see below for practical instructions) </li>

<li> New generalized particles:<br />
<ul class="none">
 <li> * Dose (GeV/g) (DOSE, generalized particle id 228) </li>
  <li> * Dose equivalent (pSv) (DOSE-EQ, generalized particle id 240) </li>
  <li> * 1 MeV neutron Si equivalent fluence (for Silicon damage)
    (SI1MEVNE, generalized particle id 236) </li>
 <li>  * High energy hadron fluence scoring (hadrons with energy larger than 20 MeV)
    (HADGT20M, generalized particle id 237) </li> </ul>

<li>  New option AUXSCORE (see the manual for details)::<br />
 <ul class="none">
  <li> * allows to restrict scoring to selected (generalized) particles,
     for selected scoring estimators. It is a convenient way to
     implement filters that formerly needed a comscw or fluscw 
     user routines. For instance, it can be used to score energy 
     deposition from a definite particle type, or to separately 
     score heavy ion fluences according to mass and/or atomic number </li>
  <li> * allows to select the set of dose equivalent conversion factors to
     be used for the calculation of DOSE-EQ. The default set used
     AMB74, ambient dose equivalent from ICRP74 and Pelliccioni data.
      For other available sets please refer to the manual.
      !!! Please note that no coversion coefficient set is available !!!
      !!! for heavy ions, so there will be no heavy ion contribution !!!
      !!! to the dose equivalent                                     !!!
 </li> </ul>
<li> A new generator for neutrino interactions on nucleons and nuclei 
  has been developed and implemented in FLUKA, thanks to M.Lantz,
  G.Smirnov, P.R.Sala, A.Ferrari, G.Battistoni. The neutrino-nucleon
  event generator handles Deep Inelastic Scattering (NUNDIS), and 
  production of delta resonances (NUNRES). Hadronization after DIS is 
  handled by the same hadronization model used in hadron-hadron
  interactions. NUNDIS and NUNRES are embedded into PEANUT to simulate
  neutrino-nucleus reactions. Quasi-elastic neutrino interactions were
  already simulated in PEANUT since 1997. 
  **** THIS IS A BETA VERSION **** of the neutrino generator. Some
  functionalities are missing, errors and crashes are *NOT*
  excluded. Users are invited to report any problem encountered to the
  FLUKA developers. 
  Please  note that :<br />
        <ul class="none">
 <li>  *  Neutrinos are discarded by default, therefore the user should issue a
     DISCARD card with negative what's in order to un-discard them</li>
 <li>   *  Only interactions by neutrinos as primary particles are
     considered. Secondary neutrinos do not (re)interact.</li>

 <li>    *  In order to request neutrino interactions the user should set them as 
     beam particles, using one of the names NEUTRIE...ANEUTRIT as SDUM.</li> 
 <li>  *  The user can restrict the simulations to a subset of the open
     interaction channels, namely quasi-elastic, resonance, DIS and DIS 
     with charm production, in neutral current or charged current. This 
     selection can be performed through the PHYSICS card with SDUM=NEUTRINO. 
     By default, all reaction channels are simulated, with ratios depending 
     on the relative cross sections.</li>
 <li>  *  Neutrino interactions are activated in "forced mode" : when a
     neutrino primary particle is requested, the code forces a neutrino
     interaction to occur in the point (or area) defined in the BEAMPOS
     card.</li>
 <li> *  In this beta-release, charm production in neutral current reactions 
     is not implemented.</li>
 <li> *  In this beta release, the interaction rate does not depend on
     the neutrino energy. This means that if the user requests a momentum
     spread in the BEAM card, all neutrino momenta are sampled with the
     same probability, disregarding the momentum dependency of the
     total interaction cross section.</li>
  <li>*  With this beta release, the use of an user-written source for
     neutrino interactions is possible, provided the following card
     is added when a neutrino is loaded on the stack:
            LFRPHN (NPFLKA) = .TRUE.
     In this way, the neutrino will then be forced to interact at the
     point specified as starting position in the source routine. In case
     a spectrum of energies is input, it is the user task to properly
     weigh the spectrum with the relevant neutrino cross sections (see
     above point)</li> 
</ul></ul>

<p>
Already starting from Fluka2006.3, a new high energy event generator has 
been developed, based on the sophisticated nuclear physics of PEANUT coupled
with the proved FLUKA Dual Parton Model description for hadron-hadron
collisions and a brand new Glauber cascade treatment. This model will
eventually substitute as default the old one (PEANUT is already the default
below 5 GeV). It is not yet the default, mostly because it requires a bit
more testing and cleaning up some FLUKA inconsistencies related to
quasi-elastic treatment. All thin target benchmarks of the code by the
development team are now run with the new model, the development of the old
one being frozen. The PHYSICS cards allows to switch on the new model (with
some caveats about the quasielastic issue) ie with:</p>

<p>
PHYSICS    1000.     1000.     1000.     1000.     1000.     1000.    PEATHRES
</p>
<p>Please give particular attention to the PHYSICS card recommendations
(see below).
For all other features, please refers to the Fluka2006.3(b) release note
snippets reported at the end of these release notes.</p>


<h3> IMPORTANT WARNINGS FOR THE USERS </h3>
<ul class="list">
<li> Whenever residual nuclei (and residual dose rates) scoring is of
  importance, the heavy residue emission ("fragmentation") and the
  coalescence emission of fast complex particles should be switched on,
  through the following data cards:<br />

PHYSICS    3.0                                                        EVAPORAT<br />
PHYSICS    1.0                                                        COALESCE<br />

  and (as a consequence of coalescence) it would be wise to link with
  rQMD-2.4 (and DPMJET) and activate ion transport and interactions. These
  suggestions are mandatory for residual nuclei benchmarking and validation.<br />

  Those options are not on by default because the heavy evaporation carries a
  big CPU penalty which would be a waste for most problems when residuals are
  not a issue.</li>

<li> There is a known issue with photofission: the photonuclear interaction
  model is not up-to-date with respect to the present fission model.
  As a result, photofission can be heavily underestimated at low photon
  energies for fissile materials. A fix is in progress and it will be
  included in a future patch release</li> </ul>



<h3> FLUKA MANAGEMENT AND LICENSING CONDITIONS </h3>

<p>This is the third major release of FLUKA carried out under the INFN-CERN
Collaboration Agreement for the Maintenance and Development of the FLUKA
code.</p>

<p>The development and distribution of FLUKA is managed by two Committees, 
the former, the Fluka Coordination Committee (FCC), which is representing 
the Copyright Holders (INFN and CERN) and which is empowered for all 
major decisions, the latter, the Fluka Scientific Committee (FSC), which 
is in charge of the day-to-day development of the code and of the 
technical and scientific issues.</p>



<p> The cornerstones of the INFN-CERN Agreement are the following::</p>

	<ul class="abcd"> 
         <li>the code is Copyright 1989-2008 INFN and
	CERN, and the authors are Alberto Fassò, Alfredo Ferrari,
	Johannes Ranft and Paola Sala: the Copyright and licensing
	conditions extend to all the work performed by the Authors
	since 1989, and therefore covers the vast majority of the code
	contained in all FLUKA releases or development versions since
	that date</li>
	
	<li>make the code available to the scientific community under
	a License which gives broad rights to the end user</li>
	
	<li>protect the code integrity and authorship inserting in the
	License proper conditions</li>
	
	<li>assure that only official versions of the code will be
	used, prosecuting in case, including by legal means, the use
	of unauthorized, or worse, pirated versions</li> </ul>

<p>This release is as usual available in source form for CERN staff members 
and INFN researchers: the source is now also available for other scientific 
Institutions. A special download form is available on the Fluka web site 
for this purpose. The source release includes the Linux-x86 version 
only (which runs on x86_64 machines as well). The Fluka Coordination 
Committee, the Fluka Scientific Committee  and the Authors kindly invite 
all users to refer to any of them for whichever question or doubt about 
the source release and its condition of use.</p>

<p>Code snippets setting an expiration day for this release version are 
present in a few routines: obviously the availability of the source code 
allows to change it, however users should be aware that under the licensing 
conditions this is not permitted. The code expiration date (around end of 
2010 for this release) is there as a reminder to use up-to-date
versions. In no way it is intended as a robust protection, the code 
distribution is done as always on a mutual trust basis.</p>

<p>The "FLUKA User Routines" mentioned at point 3) in the FLUKA User License
are obviously those (and only those) contained in the directory usermvax, 
both in the source and binary versions of the code.</p>

<p>Copyright statements referring to one of more of the Authors (A.Fasso`,
A.Ferrari, J.Ranft, P.R. Sala) contained in individual routines, must
always be interpreted as:</p>

<div class="center" style="font-weight: bold;">
Copyright INFN and CERN, Authors: ...</div>

	<p>
since the Authors have transferred their rights to INFN and CERN at the
time of (and subject to) the enactement of the INFN-CERN agreement of
2003.</p>

<p>A proper re-elaboration of all those Copyright statements is going on.</p> 


 <h3> Part of the Release Notes for Fluka2006.3(b), reported here
 for convenience </h3>

	<p>The most relevant bug fixes or functionality improvements are listed below:</p>

	<ul class="list">
	<li>LATTICE cards now accept a mixture of (region) names and (lattice) numbers in order to simplify lattice input (see in <a href="discuss_arch/new-fluka-discuss/0757.html">mailing list</a>)</li>

	<li>The memory allocations for the (maximum) numbers of irradiation intervals and cooling times are now handled together, so that there is much more flexibility when inputting a large number of irradiation intervals (and relatively few cooling times) and viceversa. Small adjustments in the usrsuwev program have been implemented because of this</li>

	<li>Creating a fluka.stop file inside the fluka_xxxx working directory is going to stop the current run as it did in all previous release. Starting from this release, if the file is instead named rfluka.stop, not only the current run is stopped, but also the run sequence is stopped even though the total requested number of runs has not yet been achieved</li>

	<li>When scoring some types of "pointwise" energy depositions, the JTRACK variable (common TRACKR) is set to a generalized particle value:<br />

	<ul class="none">
		<li>JTRACK = 208  for non-transported nuclear recoils</li>
		<li>JTRACK = 308  for low energy neutron kerma</li>
		<li>JTRACK = 211  for EM particles produced below threshold</li>
	</ul>
	
	Values 208 and 211 were already set in past versions, while the 308 flag is new. A new variable has been added in the TRACKR common to help identify these energy depositions:<br />
	<ul class="none">
		<li>J0TRCK</li>
	</ul>
	it records the ID of the particle that originated the interaction. <b style="color: #aa0003;">Warning:</b> this variable is normally set to 0, its value has a meaning only when  JTRACK = 208, 211, 308.</li>

	<li>A file, Version.tag, is included in the distribution in order to simplify (semi)automatic procedures for identifying versions and respins</li>

	<li>The heavy ion dE/dx at low energies (below 10-30 MeV/n for projectiles of medium-large Z's) had a bug which slipped into the Fluka2005.6 release and went unnoticed till now (thanks to Ercan Pilicer for pointing it out), effectively disabling the effective Z algorithm. All users who run heavy ion beams at low energies are warned to  moved immediately to Fluka2006.3b: results are now back to those of Fluka200x, x=0,1,2,3,4 and in agreement with published benchmarks</li>

	<li>A couple of bugs were still lurking in the Birks law quenching implementation when requested through the Mgdraw routine (thanks to Vincenzo Patera for pointing out the problem). These bugs should have affected only problems with magnetic field, however users who were making use of this novel feature of Fluka2006.3 should better check if their results are still the same. All users whose runs will stop with the message:<br />
	<ul class="none">
		<li>"FKBIRK, NONSENSE xxxxx CALL"</li>
	</ul>
	are warmly invited to contact us through fluka-discuss since the messages could imply that problems are still around in the Mgdraw-driven quenching implementation</li>

	<li>The prompt vs delayed radiation biasing selection through WHAT(4) of the RADDECAY card was badly broken (thanks to Stefan Roesler for pointing out this problem): now it is fixed and should behave as advertised in the manual (feedback welcome)</li>
	</ul>

	<p>Many other minor bug fixes have been implemented, but they should be completely transparent to end users</p>

	<p>A few further news of relevance for Fluka users are reported below:</p>

	<ul class="list">
	<li>From this release on the support@fluka.org and physics@fluka.org mailing addresses no longer exist. The messages sent to those addresses were almost all about topics better discussed on <a href="mailto:fluka-discuss@fluka.org">fluka-discuss@fluka.org</a>. Whichever problem with the web site and/or the registration and download procedures should be reported to the same list as well with possibly [SUPPORT] at the beginning of the subject line</li>

	<li>A new list, fluka-users@fluka.org, has been created. All registered Fluka users have been automatically subscribed to this list and new users will be as well. This is a low traffic, one way only list, dedicated to announcements (like a new release, a bug fixing respin, etc etc) which are deemed to be relevant for all users. We strongly invite all active Fluka users to not quit this list. Those no longer active, or anyway whoever so wishes, can unsubscribe sending a message to <a href="mailto:Majordomo@fisica.unimi.it">Majordomo@fisica.unimi.it</a> with "unsubscribe fluka-users" in the main body. As usual, all active users are strongly encouraged to subscribe to <a href="mailto:fluka-discuss@fisica.unimi.it">fluka-discuss@fisica.unimi.it</a></li>

	<li>A new very powerful tool for interacting with Fluka both at input and output stages is now available, thanks to Vasilis Vlachoudis (CERN). This tool, called <b style="color: #494597;">Flair (FLuka Advanced Interface)</b>, can be downloaded here: <a href="flair/index.html">FLAIR</a><br />
	
	This tool should run on whichever modern Linux distribution: users are strongly encouraged to test it and provide their feedback through the fluka-discuss list. All other tools, like FlukaGUI and TVF NMCRC, are obviously still available via <a href="fluka_tools_overview.html">tools</a>.<br />
	</li></ul>

	<p style="text-align: center; font: 110% bold; color: #494597">The FLUKA development team</p>

	

	<table>
	<tr><td style="border-top-color : #090388; border-top-style : solid; border-top-width : 3px;">
		<p>The release notes for Fluka2006.3 and before are reported below. They still apply unless explicitly superseded above. We invite the users to give particular attention to the PEANUT extension described below.</p>	
	</td></tr>
	</table>

	<h3>Release notes for <b style="color: #782020;">Fluka2006.3</b> (release version)</h3>


	<h3>NEW PHYSICS AND TECHNICAL FEATURES</h3>

	<p>Among the new features of this release (with respect to Fluka2005.6):</p>

	<ul class="list">
	<li>New "Input by name"(fully backcompatible with the past): particle, materials, regions, generalized particles, binnings, and estimators can now be indicated in the input file through their names rather than their numbers. This new feature is compatible with the old input way: a mix of name based and numeric values can be used in the input files. The included example input file (example.inp) is now written "by name": the traditional version (exfixed.inp) and a mixed one (exmixed.inp) are also provided. See the manual for further details.</li>

	<li>New fission model/improvements to evaporation/fragmentation:

	<ul class="second_list">
		<li>Actinide fission now done on first principles and no longer on parametrized G_fiss/G_neu</li>
		<li>New fission barrier calculations following the most recent suggestions by Myers & Swiatecki</li>
		<li>Fission level density enhancement at saddle point no longer excitation energy independent but now washing out with excitation energy coherently with the most recent studies and the recommendations of a IAEA working group</li>
		<li>Fission product widths and asymmetric vs symmetric probabilities better parametrized according to the most recent data/approaches</li>
		<li>New, energy dependent self-consistent, evaporation level densities according to the IAEA working group recommendations</li>
		<li>New pairing energies consistent with the above point</li>
		<li>New mass tables including calculated masses besides exp. ones till A=330. The use of masses calculated offline (available electronically) with high reliability complex models allows, a) to extend to A larger than those experimentally accessible, b) to minimize resorting to empirical mass formulae online which often generate artefacts</li>
		<li>New shell corrections coherent with the new masses</li>
	</ul></li>

	<li>The overall result in the residual predictions in the spallation zone is a striking improvement for actinides (which was poor before), a nice improvement for non-actinides (Pb, Au etc, it was already not bad), and a global improvement in the mass distribution of fission fragments for all of them. For non fissionable light-medium mass nuclei differences are minor, nevertheless the new level densities appear to smooth out some features and in particular some excessive odd-even effect</li> 

	<li>An initial implementation of the BME model, available on request, has been performed. It covers light ion interactions up to 100 MeV/n. First results, when applied to positron emitter production with therapy beams are encouraging</li>

	<li>Speed up of radioactive nuclei evolution</li>

	<li>Lattices: the required transformations can now be specified associating each lattice with a specific roto-translation defined through ROT-DEFI. This is a viable alternative to a user written lattic.f when a limited number of transformations has to be defined. Both methods are and will be fully supported, in principle the user can mix and use predefined transformations for some lattices, and lattic.f for others. See the manual (LATTICE card) for details</li>

	<li>An algorithm for parentheses optimization is now implemented in the geometry package (contributed by V.Vlachoudis, see GEOBEGIN)</li>

	<li>Activity concentration 2D/3D binnings are now implemented through the new generalized particle types ACTIVITY (234, activity per unit volume) and ACTOMASS (235, activity per unit mass)</li>

	<li>Residual nuclei scoring and gas production: protons are now included in the RESNUCLEi scoring, in order to prevent lazy users from obtaining nonsense results on gas production (see below)</li>

	<li>Beta+/- spectra now include Coulomb and screening corrections</li>

	<li>Photomuon production is now implemented limited to coherent (Bethe-Heitler) production for the time being (contributed by S.Roesler/A.Fasso`). It can be activated by the PHOTONUC card</li>

	<li>Explicit primary ionization events can be requested on a material basis. The user must provide the number of primary ionizations per cm (and for some variants of the model a guess for the 1st ionization potential) and choose one of the four available variants. Primary ionization electron energies will then be stored inside common ALLDLT at each step in the selected materials. It can be activated by the IONFLUCT card. Use with care and possibly for gases only. The number of primary ionizations can quickly escalate, particularly when multiply charged ions are involved. No common saturation should occur since the code is piling up all the remaining primary electrons into the last common location if required, however CPU penalties can be severe if used without wisdom</li>

	<li>Extension of PEANUT: last but not least, a new high energy event generator has been developed, based on the sophisticated nuclear physics of PEANUT coupled with the proved FLUKA Dual Parton Model description for hadron-hadron collisions and a brand new Glauber cascade treatment. This model will eventually substitute as default the old one (PEANUT is already the default below 5 GeV). It is not yet the default, mostly because it requires a bit more testing and cleaning up some FLUKA inconsistencies related to quasi-elastic treatment. All thin target benchmarks of the code by the development team are now run with the new model, the development of the old one being frozen. The PHYSICS cards allows to switch on the new model (with some caveats about the quasielastic issue) ie with:

	<ul class="none"><li>
		PHYSICS    1000.     1000.     1000.     1000.     1000.     1000.    PEATHRES
	</li></ul></li>

	</ul>
	<h3>OBSOLETE FEATURES</h3>

	<p>the COMMENT card is deprecated (ordinary comments starting with "*" are of course supported): it is still accepted but there is no guarantee it works properly</p>

       <p>omissis</p>
        <br />