18} History of FLUKA

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 The history of FLUKA goes back to 1962-1967. During that period,
 Johannes Ranft was at CERN doing work on hadron cascades under the
 guide of Hans Geibel and Lothar Hoffmann, and wrote the first
 high-energy Monte Carlo transport codes.

 Starting from those early pioneer attempts, according to a personal
 recollection of Ranft himself [Ran97], it is possible to distinguish
 three different generations of "FLUKA" codes along the years, which can
 be roughly identified as the FLUKA of the '70s (main authors
 J. Ranft and J. Routti), the FLUKA of the '80s (P. Aarnio, A. Fasso`,
 H.-J. Moehring, J. Ranft, G.R. Stevenson), and the modern FLUKA 
 (A. Fasso`, A. Ferrari, J. Ranft and P.R. Sala). The fourth FLUKA
 generation started in 2019 with the surviving FLUKA Authors
 (A. Fasso`, A. Ferrari  and P.R. Sala).

 These codes stem from the same root and of course every new "generation"
 originated from the previous one. However, each new "generation" represented
 not only an improvement of the existing program, but rather a quantum
 jump in the code physics, design and goals. The same name "FLUKA" has been
 preserved as a reminder of this historical development - mainly as a
 homage to J. Ranft who has been involved in it as an author and mentor
 from the beginning until the present days - but the present code is
 completely different from the versions which were released before 1990,
 and far more powerful than them.

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