FLUKA: 5.1} Particles codes
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5.1} Particles codes
--------------------
Each particle which can be transported by FLUKA is identified by an
alphanumeric name and by an integer number. Negative values of such numerical
identifiers are reserved to light and heavy ions, and to optical photons. The
value 0 indicates a pseudoparticle RAY, which can be used to scan the
geometry. Numbers > 200 designate "families" of particles, grouped according
to some common characteristics (all hadrons, or all charged particles, etc.).
In FLUKA, they are called Generalised Particles and can be used only for
scoring. Various forms of scored energy, transferred momentum, induced
activity etc. are also treated as Generalised Particles.
The identifier values are reported in the following Table, together with the
corresponding particle numbering scheme of the Particle Data Group [PDG].
Fluka name Fluka number Common name Standard PDG number
(Particle Data Group)
4-HELIUM (1) -6 Alpha ---
3-HELIUM (1) -5 Helium-3
TRITON (1) -4 Triton ---
DEUTERON (1) -3 Deuteron ---
HEAVYION (1) -2 Generic heavy ion with Z > 2
(see command HI-PROPE)
OPTIPHOT -1 Optical Photon ---
RAY (2) 0 Pseudoparticle ---
PROTON 1 Proton 2212
APROTON 2 Antiproton -2212
ELECTRON 3 Electron 11
POSITRON 4 Positron -11
NEUTRIE 5 Electron Neutrino 12
ANEUTRIE 6 Electron Antineutrino -12
PHOTON 7 Photon 22
NEUTRON 8 Neutron 2112
ANEUTRON 9 Antineutron -2112
MUON+ 10 Positive Muon -13
MUON- 11 Negative Muon 13
KAONLONG 12 Kaon-zero long 130
PION+ 13 Positive Pion 211
PION- 14 Negative Pion -211
KAON+ 15 Positive Kaon 321
KAON- 16 Negative Kaon -321
LAMBDA 17 Lambda 3122
ALAMBDA 18 Antilambda -3122
KAONSHRT 19 Kaon zero short 310
SIGMA- 20 Negative Sigma 3112
SIGMA+ 21 Positive Sigma 3222
SIGMAZER 22 Sigma-zero 3212
PIZERO 23 Pion-zero 111
KAONZERO 24 Kaon-zero 311
AKAONZER 25 Antikaon-zero -311
Reserved 26 --- ---
NEUTRIM 27 Muon neutrino 14
ANEUTRIM 28 Muon antineutrino -14
Blank 29 --- ---
Reserved 30 --- ---
ASIGMA- 31 Antisigma-minus -3222
ASIGMAZE 32 Antisigma-zero -3212
ASIGMA+ 33 Antisigma-plus -3112
XSIZERO 34 Xi-zero 3322
AXSIZERO 35 Antixi-zero -3322
XSI- 36 Negative Xi 3312
AXSI+ 37 Positive Xi -3312
OMEGA- 38 Omega-minus 3334
AOMEGA+ 39 Antiomega -3334
Reserved 40 --- ---
TAU+ 41 Positive Tau -15
TAU- 42 Negative Tau 15
NEUTRIT 43 Tau neutrino 16
ANEUTRIT 44 Tau antineutrino -16
D+ 45 D-plus 411
D- 46 D-minus -411
D0 47 D-zero 421
D0BAR 48 AntiD-zero -421
DS+ 49 D_s-plus 431
DS- 50 D_s-minus -431
LAMBDAC+ 51 Lambda_c-plus 4122
XSIC+ 52 Xi_c-plus 4232
XSIC0 53 Xi_c-zero 4132
XSIPC+ 54 Xi'_c-plus 4322
XSIPC0 55 Xi'_c-zero 4312
OMEGAC0 56 Omega_c-zero 4332
ALAMBDC- 57 Antilambda_c-minus -4122
AXSIC- 58 AntiXi_c-minus -4232
AXSIC0 59 AntiXi_c-zero -4132
AXSIPC- 60 AntiXi'_c-minus -4322
AXSIPC0 61 AntiXi'_c-zero -4312
AOMEGAC0 62 AntiOmega_c-zero -4332
Reserved 63 --- ---
Reserved 64 --- ---
(1) Heavy fragments produced in evaporation are loaded in a special stack
(COMMON FHEAVY, contained in the INCLUDE file with the same name).
The internal code for heavy evaporation fragments is the following:
3 = deuteron, 4 = 3-H, 5 = 3-He, 6 = 4-He, 7-12 = fission fragments.
Transport capabilities (dE/dx, with account of effective charge and
effective charge straggling, multiple Coulomb scattering, no interaction
yet) are now available for d, t, 3-He and 4-He. Heavier ions can be
transported on demand (see option IONTRANS), with or without nuclear
interactions. Fission fragments and fragments from Fermi break-up, when
produced, are also put in COMMON FHEAVY with id's ranging from 7 to 12
(usually 7 and 8 for two fragments).
(2) A "RAY" is not a real particle, but a straight line trajectory through the
FLUKA geometry. When a primary particle (defined by options BEAM and
BEAMPOS, or by a SOURCE subroutine) is found to be a RAY, the program
tracks through the geometry in the given direction calculating a number of
quantities (distance traversed in each material, number of radiation
lengths, number of interaction lengths etc.). See 14} for instructions
about its use.
Generalised particles (to be used only for scoring):
--- 40 Low-energy neutrons (used only in some input
options)
ALL-PART 201 All transportable particles
ALL-CHAR 202 All charged particles
ALL-NEUT 203 All neutral particles
ALL-NEGA 204 All negative particles
ALL-POSI 205 All positive particles
NUCLEONS 206 Protons and neutrons
NUC&PI+- 207 Protons, neutrons and charged pions
ENERGY 208 For dose scoring: Deposited energy
For energy fluence scoring: Kinetic energy
PIONS+- 209 Charged pions
BEAMPART 210 Primary (source or beam) particles
EM-ENRGY 211 Electromagnetic energy (of electrons, positrons
or photons)
MUONS 212 Muons
E+&E- 213 Electrons and positrons
AP&AN 214 Antiprotons and antineutrons
KAONS 215 All kaons
STRANGE 216 All kaons and all hyperons and anti-hyperons
(i.e., all strange particles)
KAONS+- 217 Charged kaons
HAD-CHAR 218 Charged hadrons
FISSIONS 219 Fissions
HE-FISS 220 High energy fissions
LE-FISS 221 Low energy fissions
NEU-BALA 222 Neutron balance (algebraic sum of outgoing
neutrons minus incoming neutrons for all
interactions)
HAD-NEUT 223 Neutral hadrons
KAONS0 224 Neutral kaons
C-MESONS 225 Charmed mesons
C-(A)BAR 226 Charmed (anti)baryons
CHARMED 227 Charmed hadrons
DOSE 228 Dose (energy deposited per unit mass, GeV/g)
UNB-ENER 229 Unbiased deposited energy (GeV) (3)
UNB-EMEN 230 Unbiased electromagnetic energy (of electrons,
positrons or photons) (GeV) (3)
X-MOMENT 231 X component of momentum transfer (GeV/c)
Y-MOMENT 232 Y component of momentum transfer (GeV/c)
Z-MOMENT 233 Z component of momentum transfer (GeV/c)
ACTIVITY 234 Activity per unit volume (Bq/cm3) (4)
ACTOMASS 235 Activity per unit mass (Bq/g) (4)
SI1MEVNE 236 Silicon 1 MeV-neutron equivalent fluence (cm-2)
HADGT20M 237 Fluence of hadrons with energy > 20 MeV (cm-2)
Unstable hadrons (but neutrons) of lower
energies are also counted
NIEL-DEP 238 Non Ionising Energy Loss deposition (GeV) (5)
DPA-SCO 239 Displacements per atoms with efficiency function
DOSE-EQ 240 Dose Equivalent (pSv) (6)
DOSE-EM 241 Dose Electromagnetic only (GeV/g)
NET-CHRG 242 Net charge (in units of elementary electron charge)
DOSEQLET 243 Dose equivalent with Q(LET) (GeV/g) (7)
RES-NIEL 244 Restricted above damage threshold NIEL
deposition (GeV) (5)
* Start_Devel_seq
DPA-NRES 245 NRT Displacements per atoms, unrestricted NIEL
* End_Devel_seq
LOWENNEU 246 Low energy (E<20 MeV) neutrons
NTLOWENE 247 High energy (E>20 MeV) neutrons
ALL-IONS 248 All nuclei with mass number equal or larger than 2
HEHAD-EQ 249 High energy hadron equivalent fluence (cm-2) (8)
THNEU-EQ 250 Thermal neutron equivalent fluence (cm-2) (9)
RES-NUCL 251 Residual nuclei
DOSE-H2O 252 Dose to water
ALPHA-D 253 Alpha coefficient of a linear-quadratic
dose-effect relationship
SQBETA-D 254 Square root of the beta coefficient of a
linear-quadratic dose-effect relationship
LGH-IONS 255 All ions equal or lighter than alphas included
HVY-IONS 256 All ions heavier than alphas
E+E-GAMM 257 e+/- and photons
ANNIHRST 258 Positron annihilations at rest
DPA-NRT 259 NRT Displacements per atoms
* Start_Devel_seq
DPA-UXSI 260 Displacements per atoms, xsi user efficiency
function
* End_Devel_seq
DOSAVLET 261 Dose averaged LET (keV/um) (10)
Reserved 262 Auxiliary quantity automatically generated
when DOSAVLET is selected
Reserved 263 Auxiliary quantity automatically generated
when DOSAVLET is selected
Reserved 264 Auxiliary quantity automatically generated
when DOSAVLET is selected
(3) "Unbiased energy" means that the energy deposited (or the energy fluence)
is scored with weight 1, independent of the actual weight of the particle.
Of course, the result will have no physical meaning, but in some
circumstances it will provide useful information about the run itself (for
instance in order to optimise biasing).
(4) "Activity per unit volume" and "Activity per unit mass"
are meaningful only when used within a 2D or 3D USRBIN estimator
associated (by means of the DCYSCORE option) with a decay time defined
with the DCYTIMES option. The resulting output units are Bq/cm**3 and
Bq/g respectively, unless a binning by region or a special binning is
requested, in which case the output is Bq or Bq cm**3/g.
(5) "Non Ionizing Energy Loss deposition" describes the energy loss
due to atomic displacement (recoil nucleus) as a particle traverses a
material. The "Restricted NIEL deposition" gives the same energy loss but
restricted to recoils having an energy above the damage threshold defined
for each material with the use of MAT-PROP with SDUM
=DPA-ENER.
(6) "Dose equivalent" is computed using various sets of conversion
coefficients (see AUXSCORE for details) converting particle fluences
into Ambient Dose equivalent or Effective Dose. Dose Equivalent of
particles for which conversion coefficients are not available, typically
heavy ions, can be calculated by scoring generalised particle DOSEQLET.
(7) "Dose equivalent" is computed using the Q(LET) relation as
defined in ICRP60 [ICRP60], where LET is LET_oo in water.
(8) "High energy hadron equivalent fluence" is proportional to the number of
Single Event Upsets (SEU's) due to hadrons with energy > 20 MeV. Unstable
hadrons (but neutrons) of lower energies are also counted. Neutrons
of lower energies are weighted according to the ratio of their SEU cross
section to the one of > 20 MeV hadrons (substantially reflecting the
(n,alpha) cross section behaviour in different microchip materials)
[Roe11,Roe12].
(9) "Thermal neutron equivalent fluence" is proportional to the number of
SEU's due to thermal neutrons. Neutrons of higher energies are weighted
according to the ratio of their capture cross section to the one of
thermal neutrons (following the 1/v law) [Roe11,Roe12].
(10)"Dose averaged LET" is computed multiplying each (charged) particle
track segment with its restricted LET in water in order to obtain
the corresponding water dose deposition, weighting it with LET_oo
in water, and dividing the result by water dose deposition as
described before, and by the bin volume. Special care is taken for
point-like energy depositions (eg particle below threshold) in order
to evaluate an approximate residual range and LET. Results are expressed
in keV/um. This quantity is available for USRBIN estimators only.
Please take into account that each DOSAVLET binning implies the
automatic creation of 3 extra binnings with the same dimensions, hence
the total memory required is 4 times that of the user requested
binning.
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