Defines the (generalised) particles producing the stars to be
scored in each region.
Requests scoring of energy deposition in each region.
(see also EVENTDAT, THRESHOLd, USRBIN)
WHAT(1..4) : id-numbers identifying the particles or generalised
particles (see 5} for a list of particle numbers).
Depending on the (generalised) particle type, different
quantities are scored in each region (see Notes below):
* For hadrons, photons, muons: stars
* For generalised particles 208.0 and 211.0: energy
deposition
* For generalised particles 219.0, 220.0 and 221.0:
fissions
* For generalised particle 222.0, neutron balance
* For generalised particles 229.0 and 230.0: unbiased
energy deposition
= 0.0: no scoring per region of any of the quantities
listed above
Default: 201.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 (score stars produced by
all particles)
WHAT(5), WHAT(6), SDUM: not used
Default (option SCORE not given): no scoring by region
= 0.0 : no scoring per region of stars or energy deposited
Default: 201.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 (score stars produced
by all particles)
WHAT(5), WHAT(6), SDUM : not used
Default (option SCORE not given): no star or dose scoring by
region
Notes: The possible particle numbers are those listed in 5}, i.e.
-6.0 to 62.0 and 201.0 to 230.0. However, not all particles
can produce stars and will give meaningful results. Selecting
generalised particles 208.0 (energy) or 211.0
("electromagnetic" energy, i.e. energy of electrons, positrons
and gamma), one can score dose (deposited energy).
SCORE is one of the oldest FLUKA commands, which has been kept
unchanged because of its simplicity and easiness of use.
On the other hand, because it lacks the flexible memory
allocation of all other scoring options, there is presently
room for only 4 types of particles. Therefore, only the 4 first
valid WHAT-parameters are retained.
A more flexible way to score stars or deposited energy
by region is "region binning" by means of option USRBIN.
However, note that in that case the results are not normalised
per unit volume.
A star is a hadronic inelastic interaction occurring at an
energy higher than a threshold defined via the option
THRESHOLd (or by default higher than the transport threshold
of the interacting particle). Star scoring, traditionally used
in most high-energy shielding codes, can therefore be considered
as a form of crude collision estimator: multiplication of
star density by the asymptotic value of the inelastic
nuclear interaction length gives the fluence of hadrons
having energy higher than the current threshold. However,
this is meaningful only if the interaction length doesn't
vary appreciably with energy; therefore it is recommended
to set a scoring threshold = 50 MeV (using option THRESHOLd),
since interaction lengths are practically constant above this
energy. Besides, star densities calculated with a 50 MeV
threshold are the basis of some established radiation
protection techniques such as the omega-factors for estimating
material activation (see [Tho88], p.106], and the prediction of
single isotope yields from the ratio of partial to inelastic
cross section).
The SCORE card defines the following scoring:
- scoring by region the density of stars produced by the
selected particles (if applicable, i.e. if the particles
are hadrons, photons or muons).
Results will be in stars cm-3 per primary particle if
region volumes have been input (see flag IVOPT in the
Combinatorial Geometry description, in 8}), otherwise
in stars per region per primary.
- scoring by region the total energy density, if generalised
particle 208 has been selected.
Results will be in GeV cm-3 per primary if volumes have
been input, otherwise in GeV per region per primary.
- scoring by region the energy density deposited by
electrons, positrons and photons, if generalised particle
211 has been selected. Results as in previous case
- scoring as in all cases above but separately for each
primary event, if the EVENTDAT option is used (see).
Generalised particles 229.0 and 230.0 are similar
respectively to 208.0 and 211.0, with the difference that
the energy deposited is scored with weight 1, independent
of the actual weight of the particle. Of course, the result
will have no physical meaning, but in some circumstances it
will provide useful information about the run itself (for
instance in order to optimise biasing).
In FLUKA. stars do not include spallations due to
annihilating particles.
SCORE does NOT define scoring done via USRBDX, USRBIN,
USRCOLL and USRTRACK.
Example 1:
* Score stars produced in each region by protons, high-energy neutrons and pions.
* Score also total energy deposition in each region.
*...+....1....+....2....+....3....+....4....+....5....+....6....+....7....+....8
SCORE 1.0 8.0 209.0 208.0
Example 2:
* Score stars produced by primary particles (i.e., first interactions) in each
* region. Score also in each region stars produced by photons (photonuclear
* reactions) and energy deposited by electromagnetic showers.
*...+....1....+....2....+....3....+....4....+....5....+....6....+....7....+....8
SCORE 210.0 7.0 211.0
Example 3:
* Score fissions produced in each region by high- and low-energy particles.
* Score also the net neutron production in each region, and the kaon stars.
*...+....1....+....2....+....3....+....4....+....5....+....6....+....7....+....8
SCORE 220.0 221.0 222.0 215.0
