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[ <--- prev -- ] [ HOME ] [ -- next ---> ] 5 Particle and material codes 5.1 Particles codes
Each particle which can be transported by FLUKA is identified by an
alphanumeric name and by an integer number. Negative values of such numerical
identifiers are reserved to light and heavy ions, and to optical photons. The
value 0 indicates a pseudoparticle RAY, which can be used to scan the geometry.
Numbers > 200 designate "families" of particles, grouped according to some
common characteristics (all hadrons, or all charged particles, etc.). In FLUKA,
they are called Generalised Particles and can be used only for scoring. Various
forms of scored energy, transferred momentum, induced activity etc. are also
treated as Generalised Particles.
Fluka name Fluka number Common name Standard PDG number (Particle Data Group) 4-HELIUM (1) -6 Alpha --- 3-HELIUM (1) -5 Helium-3 TRITON (1) -4 Triton --- DEUTERON (1) -3 Deuteron --- HEAVYION (1) -2 Generic heavy ion (see command HI-PROPE) OPTIPHOT -1 Optical Photon --- RAY (2) 0 Pseudoparticle --- PROTON 1 Proton 2212 APROTON 2 Antiproton -2212 ELECTRON 3 Electron 11 POSITRON 4 Positron -11 NEUTRIE 5 Electron Neutrino 12 ANEUTRIE 6 Electron Antineutrino -12 PHOTON 7 Photon 22 NEUTRON 8 Neutron 2112 ANEUTRON 9 Antineutron -2112 MUON+ 10 Positive Muon -13 MUON- 11 Negative Muon 13 KAONLONG 12 Kaon-zero long 130 PION+ 13 Positive Pion 211 PION- 14 Negative Pion -211 KAON+ 15 Positive Kaon 321 KAON- 16 Negative Kaon -321 LAMBDA 17 Lambda 3122 ALAMBDA 18 Antilambda -3122 KAONSHRT 19 Kaon zero short 310 SIGMA- 20 Negative Sigma 3112 SIGMA+ 21 Positive Sigma 3222 SIGMAZER 22 Sigma-zero 3212 PIZERO 23 Pion-zero 111 KAONZERO 24 Kaon-zero 311 AKAONZER 25 Antikaon-zero -311 Reserved 26 --- --- NEUTRIM 27 Muon neutrino 14 ANEUTRIM 28 Muon antineutrino -14 Blank 29 --- --- Reserved 30 --- --- ASIGMA- 31 Antisigma-minus -3222 ASIGMAZE 32 Antisigma-zero -3212 ASIGMA+ 33 Antisigma-plus -3112 XSIZERO 34 Xi-zero 3322 AXSIZERO 35 Antixi-zero -3322 XSI- 36 Negative Xi 3312 AXSI+ 37 Positive Xi -3312 OMEGA- 38 Omega-minus 3334 AOMEGA+ 39 Antiomega -3334 Reserved 40 --- --- TAU+ 41 Positive Tau -15 TAU- 42 Negative Tau 15 NEUTRIT 43 Tau neutrino 16 ANEUTRIT 44 Tau antineutrino -16 D+ 45 D-plus 411 D- 46 D-minus -411 D0 47 D-zero 421 D0BAR 48 AntiD-zero -421 DS+ 49 D_s-plus 431 DS- 50 D_s-minus -431 LAMBDAC+ 51 Lambda_c-plus 4122 XSIC+ 52 Xi_c-plus 4232 XSIC0 53 Xi_c-zero 4112 XSIPC+ 54 Xi'_c-plus 4322 XSIPC0 55 Xi'_c-zero 4312 OMEGAC0 56 Omega_c-zero 4332 ALAMBDC- 57 Antilambda_c-minus -4122 AXSIC- 58 AntiXi_c-minus -4232 AXSIC0 59 AntiXi_c-zero -4132 AXSIPC- 60 AntiXi'_c-minus -4322 AXSIPC0 61 AntiXi'_c-zero -4312 AOMEGAC0 62 AntiOmega_c-zero -4332 Reserved 63 --- --- Reserved 64 --- --- (1) Heavy fragments produced in evaporation are loaded in a special stack
(COMMON FHEAVY, contained in the INCLUDE file with the same name).
The internal code for heavy evaporation fragments is the following:
3 = deuteron, 4 = 3-H, 5 = 3-He, 6 = 4-He, 7-12 = fission fragments.
Transport capabilities (dE/dx, with account of effective charge and
effective charge straggling, multiple Coulomb scattering, no interaction
yet) are now available for d, t, 3-He and 4-He. Heavier ions can be
transported on demand (see option IONTRANS), with or without nuclear
interactions. Fission fragments and fragments from Fermi break-up, when
produced, are also put in COMMON FHEAVY with id's ranging from 7 to 12
(usually 7 and 8 for two fragments).
(2) A "RAY" is not a real particle, but a straight line trajectory through the
FLUKA geometry. When a primary particle (defined by options BEAM and
BEAMPOS, or by a SOURCE subroutine) is found to be a RAY, the program
tracks through the geometry in the given direction calculating a number of
quantities (distance traversed in each material, number of radiation
lengths, number of interaction lengths etc.). See (14) for instructions
about its use.
Generalised particles (to be used only for scoring): --- 40 Low-energy neutrons (used only in some input
options)
ALL-PART 201 All transportable particles
ALL-CHAR 202 All charged particles
ALL-NEUT 203 All neutral particles
ALL-NEGA 204 All negative particles
ALL-POSI 205 All positive particles
NUCLEONS 206 Protons and neutrons
NUC&PI+- 207 Protons, neutrons and charged pions
ENERGY 208 For dose scoring: Deposited energy
For energy fluence scoring: Kinetic energy
PIONS+- 209 Charged pions
BEAMPART 210 Primary (source or beam) particles
EM-ENRGY 211 Electromagnetic energy (of electrons, positrons
or photons)
MUONS 212 Muons
E+&E- 213 Electrons and positrons
AP&AN 214 Antiprotons and antineutrons
KAONS 215 All kaons
STRANGE 216 All kaons and all hyperons and anti-hyperons
(i.e., all strange particles)
KAONS+- 217 Charged kaons
HAD-CHAR 218 Charged hadrons
FISSIONS 219 Fissions
HE-FISS 220 High energy fissions
LE-FISS 221 Low energy fissions
NEU-BALA 222 Neutron balance (algebraic sum of outgoing
neutrons minus incoming neutrons for all
interactions)
HAD-NEUT 223 Neutral hadrons
KAONS0 224 Neutral kaons
C-MESONS 225 Charmed mesons
C-(A)BAR 226 Charmed (anti)baryons
CHARMED 227 Charmed hadrons
DOSE 228 Dose (energy deposited per unit mass, GeV/g)
UNB-ENER 229 Unbiased deposited energy (GeV) (3)
UNB-EMEN 230 Unbiased electromagnetic energy (of electrons,
positrons or photons) (GeV) (3)
X-MOMENT 231 X component of momentum transfer (GeV/c)
Y-MOMENT 232 Y component of momentum transfer (GeV/c)
Z-MOMENT 233 Z component of momentum transfer (GeV/c)
ACTIVITY 234 Activity per unit volume (Bq/cm3) (4)
ACTOMASS 235 Activity per unit mass (Bq/g) (4)
SI1MEVNE 236 Silicon 1 MeV-equivalent flux (cm-2)
HADGT20M 237 Hadrons with energy > 20 MeV (cm-2)
NIEL-DEP 238 Non Ionising Energy Loss deposition (GeV) (5)
DPA-SCO 239 Displacements per atoms
DOSE-EQ 240 Dose Equivalent (pSv) (6)
DOSE-EM 241 Dose Electromagnetic only (GeV/g)
NET-CHRG 242 Net charge
DOSEQLET 243 Dose equivalent with Q(LET) (pSv) (7)
RES-NIEL 244 Restricted above damage threshold NIEL (GeV) (5)
(3) "Unbiased energy" means that the energy deposited (or the energy fluence)
is scored with weight 1, independent of the actual weight of the particle.
Of course, the result will have no physical meaning, but in some
circumstances it will provide useful information about the run itself (for
instance in order to optimise biasing).
(4) "Activity per unit volume" and "Activity per unit mass"
are meaningful only when used within a 2D or 3D USRBIN estimator
associated (by means of the DCYSCORE option) with a decay time defined
with the DCYTIMES option. The resulting output units are Bq/cm**3 and
Bq/g respectively, unless a binning by region or a special binning is
requested, in which case the output is Bq or Bq cm**3/g.
(5) "Non Ionizing Energy Loss deposition" describes the energy loss
due to atomic displacement (recoil nucleus) as a particle traverses a
material. The "Restricted NIEL" gives the same energy loss but restricted
to recoils having an energy above the damage threshold defined for each
material with the use of MAT-PROP with SDUM=DPA-ENER.
(6) "Dose equivalent" is computed using various sets of conversion
coefficients (see AUXSCORE for details) converting particle fluences
into Ambient Dose equivalent or Effective Dose. Dose Equivalent of particles
for which conversion coefficients are not available, tipically heavy ions,
can be calculated by scoring generalised particle DOSEQLET.
(7) "Dose equivalent" is computed using the Q(LET) relation as
defined in
ICRP60 [ICRP60], where LET is LET_oo in water
5.2 Pre-defined materials
Materials can be easily defined by option MATERIAL by assigning a density, a
name, a code number (compulsory only if the input has been defined as purely
numeric), and, in the case of single elements, an atomic number and an atomic
weight. For compounds, the MATERIAL option card must be accompanied by a
COMPOUND definition referred to the same material name. If low-energy neutrons
(E < 20 MeV) need to be transported, the chosen name of a single element
material must coincide with that of one for which cross sections are available
(see Table in (10)).
Note that the above constraints can be ignored if the input is name-based and
the material number in the MATERIAL option is left blank. In that case, the
material name must be used in all relevant command (e.g. ASSIGNMAt, COMPOUND).
List of pre-defined single-element FLUKA materials Fluka name Fluka Common name A Z Density
number [g/cm^3]
BLCKHOLE 1 Blackhole or External Vacuum 0 0 0
VACUUM 2 Vacuum or Internal Vacuum 0 0 0
HYDROGEN 3 Hydrogen 1.00794 1. 0.0000837
HELIUM 4 Helium 4.002602 2. 0.000166
BERYLLIU 5 Beryllium 9.012182 4. 1.848
CARBON 6 Carbon 12.0107 6. 2.000
NITROGEN 7 Nitrogen 14.0067 7. 0.00117
OXYGEN 8 Oxygen 15.9994 8. 0.00133
MAGNESIU 9 Magnesium 24.3050 12. 1.740
ALUMINUM 10 Aluminium 26.981538 13. 2.699
IRON 11 Iron 55.845 26. 7.874
COPPER 12 Copper 63.546 29. 8.960
SILVER 13 Silver 107.8682 47. 10.500
SILICON 14 Silicon 28.0855 14. 2.329
GOLD 15 Gold 196.96655 79. 19.320
MERCURY 16 Mercury 200.59 80. 13.546
LEAD 17 Lead 207.2 82. 11.350
TANTALUM 18 Tantalum 180.9479 73. 16.654
SODIUM 19 Sodium 22.989770 11. 0.971
ARGON 20 Argon 39.948 18. 0.00166
CALCIUM 21 Calcium 40.078 20. 1.550
TIN 22 Tin 118.710 50. 7.310
TUNGSTEN 23 Tungsten 183.84 74. 19.300
TITANIUM 24 Titanium 47.867 22. 4.540
NICKEL 25 Nickel 58.6934 28. 8.902
List of pre-defined ICRU compounds Fluka name Common name Density
[g/cm^3]
WATER Water 1.0
POLYSTYR Polystyrene 1.06
PLASCINT Plastic scintillator 1.032
PMMA Polymethyl methacrylate, Plexiglas, Lucite, Perspex 1.19
BONECOMP Compact bone 1.85
BONECORT Cortical bone 1.85
MUSCLESK Skeletal muscle 1.04
MUSCLEST Striated muscle 1.04
ADTISSUE Adipose tissue 0.92
KAPTON Kapton polyimide film 1.42
POLYETHY Polyethylene 0.94
AIR Dry air at NTP conditions 0.00120479
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