Last version:
, November 21st 2023 (last respin 2023.3.2) 13-Sep-2023
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Release notes ]
==== Release notes for Fluka2023.3 , ====
==== the 4th generation of the FLUKA ====
==== MC code, authored by A.Fassò, ====
==== A.Ferrari, J.Ranft, and P.R.Sala ====
his is a major release with several important physics and technical
improvements and additions.
New features are shortly listed below, and described in more detail in
the following of these release notes, and in the manual.
SHORT LIST OF NEW/CHANGED FEATURES
- Photonuclear interactions: both cross sections and models are
completely new above ~100 MeV: this is a major improvement which gets
rid of many limitations and inaccuracies of the the previous
implementation;
-
- Photon cross section: upgraded from EPDL97 to EPICS2017;
- Photon cross sections and bremsstrahlung cross sections: extended up
to 1.E21 eV;
- Updated GDR photonuclear cross sections for a few isotopes;
- Ortho-Positronium three-gamma annihilation: see the EMFRAY option in the
manual, in particular (but not only) the SDUM's ORTHPOSI and ORTPOSTM;
- Hadronisation model: fully reworked in order to better account for
experimental data which somewhat contradict widely accepted assumptions
about string hadronization;
- Hadron-nucleus cross sections are new and extended up to 1.E20 eV,
and all of them are now consistently calculated with PEANUT;
- Coherent elastic scattering of neutrons between 20 and 40 MeV is now
treated using ad-hoc Legendre expansions;
- Updated galactic cosmic ray spectra: now based on AMS02 data,
they can be activated by new option in SPECSOUR : sdum = GCR-AMS;
- Built-in source routines for neutron spectra from Am-Be, Am-B, 252-Cf
sources (see the BEAM card);
- Internal conversion decays (IC) are now modeled as such and no longer
as (wrongly) gamma emission;
- New stopping power in water, according to ICRU90 recommendations
- The sampling of the example solar flare spectra has been definitively
corrected;
- Default DPMJET: the newest one, 3.19.3.x, the previous version
is no longer distributed;
- Default intranuclear cascade reinteractions in Dpmjet: now treated
by the FLUKA hadronic models;
- Sets of fluence-to-dose conversion coefficients from ICRP116:
in particular ambient dose has been added;
- Interface CORSIKA7/8: completely streamlined and reworked;
- Dose averaged LET maps (new generalized particle DOSAVLET);
- Corresponding neutron group-wise cross sections no longer needed if
point-wise one are requested for a given material;
- Interface to Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray generators: new,
at present it supports interfacing to EPOS and Sibyll;
- Source code reorganization.
EXTENDED DESCRIPTION OF NEW FEATURES
-
Completely new cross sections and models for photo-nuclear interactions
above 100 MeV have been developed (Fasso` and Ferrari). In the Delta
resonance region, an universal cross section curve has been implemented
for all nuclei with A>4, extending up to 2-3 GeV: this curve reproduces
the experimental data significantly better than the previous
parametrization which was 30 years old. Now, photon-nucleus
interactions for A>4, and in this energy range, are simulated with PEANUT
as such and no longer as pseudo-pi0. In particular, the initial target
nucleon is chosen from the nuclear volume using new parametrizations for
the photon-nucleon cross sections, accounting for the in-medium
broadening of the intermediate Delta resonance, and accounting for
the resulting 2 and 3-nucleon absorption channels. MAID07 generated data
are now used for the single pion photon-nucleon cross sections and angular
distributions. Several other resonant and non resonant photon-nucleon
channels have been introduced in order to model multi-pion and strangeness
production up to 2-3 GeV. Photon interactions at higher energies are
described with PEANUT and no longer with the old interaction model which
has been deleted. The procedure is explained the following:
- a) First the photon is supposed to fluctuate into a vector
meson, with probability according to experimental coupling;
-
b) then the selection is made between a (point-like) photon interaction
(a volume one with no shadowing), and a vector-meson nucleus like one
with shadowing;
-
c) If the interaction is not a point-like one, it is selected whether
the interaction proceeds through a diffractive-like coherent
pseudo-elastic scattering, or through a non elastic vector meson
nucleus one (the latter including the pseudo-quasielastic);
-
d) If the interaction is a point-like one, or a VMD non-elastic one,
the vector meson is used as projectile in PEANUT, in the former case
with a volume selection of the target nucleon, in the latter with a
hadron like (Glauber) interaction. PEANUT can now deal with vector
meson resonances as projectiles, and with their (re)interaction and
decay inside the nucleus.
All this machinery is applied to real as well as virtual photon
interactions.
- The Photon cross section had been upgraded from EPDL97 to EPICS2017;
- The Photon and bremsstrahlung cross sections had been extended up
to 1.E21 eV;
- GDR photonuclear cross sections have been updated for a few isotopes,
in particular Lead ones;
- Ortho-Positronium three-gamma annihilation is now included, including
the 3-body matrix-element for the decay. The ratio 3/2 photon annihilation
is tunable per element and region/material (default 1/378).
The decay time constants are also tunable. See the EMFRAY option in the
manual, in particular (but not only) the SDUM's ORTHPOSI and ORTPOSTM;
- The hadronisation model of the high energy generator has been deeply
reworked in order to better account for experimental data which somewhat
contradict widely accepted assumptions about string fragmentation. In
particular, the surprisingly large yield of hard rho0's measured in
pion-nucleon and pion-nucleus experiments, and the evolving rho0/Omega/pi0
ratio with Feynmann X could not be reconciled with some critical
assumption of all string hadronization/fragmentation models.
Those features are important for very high energy cosmic rays, since they
can slow down the increase of the EM fraction in air showers and
increase their muon content. They are also important for calorimeters,
since they can impact the e/h ratio;
- All hadron-nucleus cross sections are new and extended up to 1.E20 eV,
and all of them are now consistently calculated with PEANUT. The PEANUT
Glauber model had been improved and its capability of computing reliable
quasi-elastic and absorption cross section extended to very high
energies. The computed cross sections had been validated up to the
highest cosmic ray data, and by default they substitute the previous FLUKA
high-energy hadron-nucleus cross sections which were still based on
1980's extrpolations of available experimental data;
- Coherent elastic scattering of neutrons between 20 and 40 MeV is now
treated using ad-hoc Legendre expansions derived from ENDF/B-VIIIr0;
- Updated galactic cosmic ray spectra, based on AMS02 data (thanks
to Nicola Mazziotta and Pedro de la Torre Luque) are now available:
they can be activated by new option in SPECSOUR : sdum = GCR-AMS;
- Built-in source routines for neutron spectra from Am-Be, Am-B, 252-Cf
sources are now available (see the BEAM card);
- Internal conversion decays (IC) are now modeled as such and no longer
as (wrongly) gamma emission, including the explicit transport of the
excited nuclei to the decay point;
- The evaluations of charged particle stopping power in water have been
changed to bring it in agreement with the ICRU90 recommendations. In
particular, but not only, the water average ionization potential is
now set to the new ICRU adopted value, I=78 eV;
- The sampling of the example solar flare spectra has been definitively
corrected;
- The default DPMJET is now the newest one, 3.19.3.x, the previous version
is no longer distributed;
- By default intranuclear cascade reinteractions in Dpmjet are now treated
by the FLUKA hadronic models;
- The sets of fluence-to-dose conversion coefficients from ICRP116 are now
available, in particular ambient dose has been added;
- A new interface to Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray generators is now
available: at present it supports interfacing to EPOS and Sibyll. The
rationale is twofold:
- a) Despite the FLUKA philosophy of developing/choosing the best model
for a given application/energy range and stick with it, above LHC
energies there are little or no direct data available, and therefore
the possibility to explore a range of predictions with 3-4 models
can be important;
- b) At the same time, this interface allows FLUKA to run at the highest
cosmic ray energies, which of course is an added bonus for the code.
Those interested in understanding how to use this new feature please
contact one of the Authors;
- Dose averaged LET maps are now implemented on-line (generalized particle
DOSAVLET): they are computed taking care also of particles below threshold
in order to minimize whichever possible bias;
- When pointwise cross sections are requested for a given material, the
code will no longer stop if a corresponding group-wise set is not
available;
- The source code has been deeply reorganised. Among others, the old high
energy interaction model (eventv/eventvmvax) has been removed, since it
is no longer used by any of the interaction routines;
NEW WARNING
The usrsuwev.f off-line inventory evolution file is not yet updated to
deal with the new isomer calulation capabilities of FLUKA, hence off-line
inventory evolution concerning isomers should be avoided. A version
properly accounting for the FLUKA isomers prediction capabilities will
come with one of the next releases
ALWAYS VALID IMPORTANT WARNINGS
- Whenever residual nuclei (and residual dose rates) scoring is of
importance, or accurate neutron yields are required, the heavy residual
emission ("fragmentation") and the coalescence emission of fast complex
particles should be switched on, through the following data cards:
PHYSICS 3.0 EVAPORAT
PHYSICS 1.0 COALESCE
and (as a consequence of coalescence) it would be wise to link with
rQMD-2.4 (and DPMJET) and activate ion transport and interactions,
and circumvent the lack of deuteron interactions at low energy with
PHYSICS 1.0 0.005 0.15 2.0 2.0 2.0IONSPLIT
These suggestions are mandatory for residual nuclei calculations.
-
Old residual nuclei output files
The auxiliary programs (usrsuw and usrsuwev in
$FLUPRO/flutil) that sum and process the residual nuclei output files
depend on the nuclear database. Users who still need to process files
produced with previous fluka versions should contact the fluka
developers. Users who already produced xxx_tab.lis and xxx_sum.lis
files are not concerned.
- The ARB, BOX, WED body types, which are deprecated since many years due to
their precision problem prone coding, are now accepted only if the user
explicitly sets SDUM=DEPRBODY in the GLOBAL card.
-
The use of so-called "expressions" inside the Flair preprocessor, those
writing pseudo-comments in the input file like
!@what.1=-1.5e-2is deprecated. In order to still use those kind of
expressions, the user has to explicitly set SDUM=OLDFLAIR in the
GLOBAL card.
REFERENCES TO BE QUOTED
The use of the FLUKA code must be acknowledged explicitly by quoting
at least the following set of references
- F. Ballarini, G. Battistoni, N. Belcari, G. Bisogni, M. Campanella,
M.P. Carante, G. Dedes, P. Degtiarenko, P. de la Torre Luque,
R. dos Santos Augusto, A. Fasso`, A. Fedynitch, Alfredo Ferrari,
Anna Ferrari, E. Fiorina, G. Kharashvili, A. Kraan, G. Magro,
A. Mairani, I. Mattei, M.N. Mazziotta, M.C. Morone, S. Mueller,
S. Muraro, K. Parodi, V. Patera, F. Pennazio, L.S. Pinsky,
R. Rachamin, R. Luis Ramos, S. Rollet, P.R. Sala, M.S. Leitner,
L. Sarchiapone, T. Tessonnier, K. Smeland Ytre-Hauge, L. Zana,
"FLUKA: status and perspectives", Proceedings of the "15th Workshop
on Shielding Aspects of Accelerators, Targets, and Irradiation
Facilities" (SATIF-15), East Lansing, Michigan, USA, September
20-23, 2022, in press
-
A. Ferrari, P.R. Sala, A. Fasso`, and J. Ranft,
"FLUKA: a multi-particle transport code",
CERN 2005-10 (2005), INFN/TC_05/11, SLAC-R-773
Use of Flair must be acknowledged using the following reference:
- V. Vlachoudis,
Proc. Int. Conf. on Mathematics, Computational
Methods & Reactor Physics (M&C 2009),
Saratoga Springs, New York, 2009
Additional FLUKA references can be added, provided they are relevant for this FLUKA version.
The use of the neutrino event generator (NUNDIS) must be
acknowledged by quoting
-
G. Battistoni, A. Ferrari, M. Lantz, P. R. Sala and G. I. Smirnov,
"A neutrino-nucleon interaction generator for the FLUKA Monte Carlo code",
Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Nuclear Reaction
Mechanisms,
Varenna, Italy, 15-19 June 2009,
CERN-Proceedings-2010-001 pp.387-394.
For medical applcations of FLUKA:
-
G. Battistoni, J. Bauer, T.T. Boehlen, F. Cerutti,
M.P.W. Chin, R. Dos Santos Augusto, A. Ferrari, P.G. Ortega,
W. Kozlowska, G. Magro, A. Mairani, K. Parodi, P.R. Sala, P. Schoofs,
T. Tessonnier, V. Vlachoudis,
"The FLUKA code: An accurate simulation tool for particle therapy",
Frontiers in Oncology, Radiation Oncology Section, 00116
(2016)
If FLUKA is used together with rQMD-2.4, DPMJET-2.53, or DPMJET-3 the following references should be quoted:
rQMD-2.4:
- H. Sorge, H. Stoecker, and W. Greiner, Annals of Physics 192, 266 (1989)
DPMJET-2.53:
- J. Ranft. Physical Review D51, 64 (1995)
DPMJET-3:
- S.Roesler, R.Engel, J.Ranft: "The Monte Carlo Event Generator DPMJET-III"
in Proceedings of the Monte Carlo 2000 Conference, Lisbon, October 23-26
2000, A. Kling, F. Barao, M. Nakagawa, L. Tavora, P. Vaz eds.,
Springer-Verlag Berlin, 1033-1038 (2001).
***********************
EXTRA FEATURES FOR FLUKA2021.2.9
Starting with Fluka2021.2.9 the low energy neutron cross sections for a few extra
isotopes are available in both the groupwise and pointwise neutron libraries, specifically,
226Ra, 227Ac, 231Pa, 233Pa, 237Np, 239Np.
Please refer to the manual for further informations
about how to access those cross sections data sets
EXTRA FEATURES FOR FLUKA2021.2.7
Starting with fluka2021.2.7, the description of hadron-nucleon
intranuclear cascade reinteractions in Dpmjet3x (see below) can now
optionally be performed with the Fluka hadron-nucleon interaction models,
rather than the old hadrin model contained in Dpmjet3x.
This is not yet the default (it will soon become the default): in order
to activate this important feature, please include a DPMJET card with
WHAT(6)=1 or 10 or 11
-
1 = nonelastic hadron-nucleon reinteractions managed by Fluka routines
-
10 = elastic hadron-nucleon reinteractions managed by Fluka routines
-
11 = both elastic and nonelastic hadron-nucleon reinteractions managed
by Fluka routines (recommended)
Also starting with fluka2021.2.7 a new version of Dpmjet3, Dpmjet3.19.3,
is available (only for the gfortran based releases). This new release
(thanks to A.Fedynitch) introduces several improvements, streamlines
the interface with Fluka making its maintenance much easier, and it
greatly improves the issues with Kaon production in AA collisions below
10-20 GeV/n.
The possibility of using Fluka hadron-nucleon interaction models for
reinteractions (described in the first point) applies both to the
"old" Dpmjet3.17 and the "new" Dpmjet3.19.3.
In order to link the new Dpmjet version, please use the script
flutil/ldpmqmdnw instead of flutil/ldpmqmd, and use the resulting
executable which is called by default flukadpmnw.
For the time being both the "old" and "new" Dpmjet versions are available
(gfortran releases), in the future only the new one will be distributed.
Release notes for Fluka2021.2 -
This is a major release with several important physics and technical
improvements and additions..
New features are shortly listed below, and described in more detail in
the following of these release notes, and in the manual.
Some of the features require modifications of the users routines
please read carefully if you have any.
If you are using the tar files rather than the rpm's, please
note that you have to download two files since now all data
libraries, which are common to all compilers/architectures are now
provided in a separate file (see below and the README file)
SHORT LIST OF NEW/CHANGED FEATURES
-
Pointwise transport of low energy neutrons with correlated
interactions is now available. A separate data file has to be
downloaded (see README)
-
Runge-Kutta based transport in electric fields is implemented for
vacuum and gas regions
-
Optional Runge-Kutta based transport in magnetic field in vacuum
and gas regions
-
New physics model for coherent elastic scattering of hadrons on nuclei
-
New treatment for quasi-elastic scattering of hadrons on nuclei
-
Transport and in-flight decay of excited residual nuclei
-
Improved nuclear mass/decay/deexcitation database
-
Revised hadron-nucleus interaction cross sections
-
Revised cross sections for proton - light ion interactions
-
Non monochromatic scintillation light emission and transport
-
Delta resonance decay in photon+nucleon
NEEDED MODIFICATIONS TO USER ROUTINES
-
magfld.f has one more argument: time
-
source.f variables related to in-flight transport have to be
initialized
-
mgdraw.f entry USDRAW: pay attention to quasielastic, flags
available (see below)
-
mgdraw.f entry USDRAW: new interaction code for ion splitting events
-
new routines for non-monochromatic scintillation light (see manual)
Please always refer to the updated templates in the usermvax
directory.
-- EXTENDED DESCRIPTION OF NEW FEATURES --
-
Pointwise transport of low energy neutrons. This brand new feature,
a major improvement in FLUKA capabilities, includes both the
"continuous" transport of neutrons, and the generation of
interaction products with a mixed data and model driven treatment
fully conserving energy event-by-event. Pointwise transport is
available as an option, the group-wise transport is still the
default. Hybrid simulations are also possible.
Pointwise cross sections are activated through a new card:
LOW-PWXS
Details are available in the manual.
When neutron pointwise transport is activated, it is also possible
to set-up estimators with equidistant (linear or logarithmic) energy
intervals, without the usual groupwise structure. See the
description of the relevant scoring card in the manual.
IMPORTANT WARNING: to save space and bandwidth, all data libraries for
nuclear data, photon data, and neutron and pointwise cross sections
are NOT included in the fluka tar files. They have to be downloaded
separately, and placed in the same $FLUPRO directory as the rest of
the distribution. A consistency check between Fluka version
and data file version is automatically performed.
-
Transport in electric field is implemented in vacuum and gas. A new
card
ELEFLD
activates it in selected regions, as flagged through the ASSIGNMAT
card. A new user routine,
elefld.f
is available for providing
non-uniform fields. Time-varying fields can also be implemented
through this user routine. Combined electric and magnetic fields are
supported. Transport is performed according to a Runge-Kutta
treatment. In case of transport in gas, single scattering is
automatically activated. See the manual for details.
-
Transport in non uniform magnetic fields through the same
Runge-Kutta algorithm is available as an option for vacuum and gas
regions (it is used by default if an electric field is also present)
by using
SDUM=RUNGKUTT in the MGNFIELD card.
The Runge-Kutta algorithm
is signficantly more accurate than the traditional one for the same
CPU time, or it is faster for the same accuracy. See the manual for
details.
-
New algorithm for coherent elastic scattering of hadrons on
nuclei. A general model from combining black disk scattering
and grayness has been derived for FLUKA. Parameters of the model
for p and n up to 200 MeV have been fitted to distributions available
in ENDF/B-8R0 and JENDL40-HE. Experimental data have been used to
set the model parameters above 1 GeV. Scaling and interpolation of
parameters are used for combinations where no data is available.
The new algorithm is applied to protons and neutrons up to 200 MeV, and to
all hadrons from 1 GeV upwards. Only for 4He, 12C, 16O, 208Pb the
model is applied for protons and neutron scattering over the whole
energy range.
-
Quasi elastic interactions (above few GeV): quasi-elastic are
interactions where the projectile scatters elastically on one of the
target nucleons. Traditionally, those interactions are considered as
nonelastic one at low energies. As energy increases, they are less
and less experimentally distinguishable from coherent elastic
scattering. In FLUKA, high energy quasielastic was included up to
now in the elastic scattering treatment, without production of
secondaries. Since Fluka2021, quasielastic has its own treatment,
including production of secondary particles from nuclear de-excitation.
For users implementing their own scoring of interactions: please be
aware of this difference with respect to the past. Quasielastic are
now flagged in USDRAW with the same code as inelastic (101). They
carry as .true. the flag LELEVT in (EVTFLG) and the flag
LQEEVT in (NUCFLG).
-
In-flight decay of excited residual nuclei. Excited nuclei with
measurable/known mean life will not de-excite during the nuclear
interaction which produced the excited state, but rather will fly
until decay according to the level mean life. This has consequences
for instance at very high energies, with nuclei potentially decaying
far from the production point, and for Doppler broadening of gamma
lines. In-flight decay can be activated/deactivated with the
PHYSICS card, SDUM=INFLDCAY.
It is on by default with the PRECISIO and
HADROTHE defaults.
-
The nuclear properties database has been upgraded, in particular
with the update of nuclear masses to the newest compilation,
AME 2020.
-
A full revision of hadron-nucleus cross sections, in particular for
nucleons and pions in the 1-20 geV energy range, has been carried
out
-
Cross sections for interactions of very light ions, mass 3 and 4 on
hydrogen (and for the inverse kinematic reaction) have been greatly
improved.
-
The possibility to genarate and transport optical photon from
non-monochromatic scintillation lines is now available. New user
routines have to be edited to provide spectrum and intensity of
scintillation lines: sphspc.f and usfsci.f.
They can be activated
through the OPT-PROD card (see manual for details)
-
Decay of the Delta(1232) resonance in photon+nucleon is now
simulated. The branching ratio (small) depends on the actual Delta mass.
Last updated: 13th of September, 2023
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