1.1.7} Electrons

  * FLUKA uses an original transport algorithm for charged particles [Fer91a],
    including complete multiple Coulomb scattering treatment giving the
    correct lateral displacement even near a boundary (see hadron and muon
    transport above).
  * The variations with energy of the discrete event cross sections and of the
    continuous energy loss in each transport step are taken into account
    exactly.
  * Differences between positrons and electrons are taken into account
    concerning both stopping power and bremsstrahlung [Kim86].
  * The bremsstrahlung differential cross sections of Seltzer and Berger
    [Sel85, Sel86] have been extended to include the finite value at "tip"
    energy, and the angular distribution of bremsstrahlung photons is sampled
    accurately.
  * The Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal suppression effect [Lan53, Lan53a, Mig56,
    Mig57] and the Ter-Mikaelyan polarisation effect in the soft part of the
    bremsstrahlung spectrum [Ter54] are also implemented.
  * Electrohadron production
  * Positron annihilation in flight and at rest.
  * Delta-ray production via Bhabha and Möller scattering.

  
Note:
 the present lowest transport limit for electrons is 1 keV. Although in
  high-Z materials the Molière multiple scattering model becomes unreliable
  below 20-30 keV, a single-scattering option is available which allows to
  obtain satisfactory results in any material also in this low energy range.

  The minimum recommended energy for PRIMARY electrons is about 50 to 100 keV
  for low-Z materials and 100-200 keV for heavy materials, unless the single
  scattering algorithm is used. Single scattering transport allows to overcome
  most of the limitations at low energy for the heaviest materials at the
  price of some increase in CPU time.

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